Outline of ancient Rome

Essence of Ancient Rome

• Civilization
• Classical antiquity
• Classical Rome
• Greco-Roman world

  Geography of ancient Rome

• Roman geographers
• Roman provinces
• * Achaea
• * Africa
• * Asia
• * Assyria
• * Roman Britain
• ** Roman conquest of Britain
• ** Governors of Roman Britain
• ** Roman road from Silchester to Bath
• ** Roman sites in Great Britain
• * Cappadocia
• * Dalmatia
• * Dardania
• * Roman Egypt
• * Galatia
• * Roman Gaul
• * Roman Greece
• * Hispania
• * Insulae
• * Roman Judea
• ** Roman Jerusalem
• * Macedonia
• * Mesopotamia
• * Sicilia
• Cities founded by the Romans
• Climate of Ancient Rome
• Demography of the Roman Empire
• Topography of ancient Rome
• * Lexicon Topographicum Urbis Romae

  Government and politics of ancient Rome

• Curia
• Forum
• Cursus honorum
• Collegiality
• Emperor
• Legatus
• Dux
• Officium
• Praefectus
• Princeps senatus
• Populares
• Vicarius
• Vigintisexviri
• Lictor
• Magister militum
• Imperator
• Pontifex Maximus
• Augustus
• Caesar
• SPQR
• Tetrarch

  Political institutions of ancient Rome

• of ancient Rome in general
• * Roman Senate
• * Roman assemblies
• ** Curiate Assembly
• ** Centuriate Assembly
• ** Tribal Assembly
• ** Plebeian
• * Executive magistrates
• of the Roman Kingdom
• * Senate of the Roman Kingdom
• * Legislative Assemblies of the Roman Kingdom
• * Executive magistrates of the Roman Kingdom
• of the Roman Republic
• * Senate of the Roman Republic
• * Legislative Assemblies of the Roman Republic
• * Executive magistrates of the Roman Republic
• of the Roman Empire
• * Senate of the Roman Empire
• * Legislative Assemblies of the Roman Empire
• * Executive magistrates of the Roman Empire

  Magistrates

Ordinary magistrates

• Tribune
• Quaestor
• Aedile
• Praetor
• Consul
• Censor
• Promagistrate
• Governor

  Extraordinary magistrates

• Dictator
• Magister Equitum
• Decemviri
• Consular Tribune
• Triumvir
• Rex
• Interrex

  Roman law

• Roman laws
• Twelve Tables
• Roman citizenship
• Auctoritas
• Imperium
• Status in Roman legal system
• Roman litigation
• Roman Constitution
• * History of the Roman Constitution
• * Constitution of the Roman Kingdom
• ** History of the Constitution of the Roman Kingdom
• * Constitution of the Roman Republic
• ** History of the Constitution of the Roman Republic
• ** Constitutional Reforms of Lucius Cornelius Sulla
• ** Constitutional Reforms of Julius Caesar
• * Constitution of the Roman Empire
• ** History of the Constitution of the Roman Empire
• * History of the Constitution of the Late Roman Empire
• ** Constitution of the Late Roman Empire

  Military of ancient Rome

• Weapons
• *Catapult
• *Gladius
• *Pilum
• Roman military diploma
• Praetorian Guard
• Victory titles
• Roman infantry tactics, strategy and battle formations
• Castra

  Roman armed forces

• Roman army
• * Roman generals
• * Troops
• ** Roman legions
• ***List of Roman legions
• ** Roman auxiliaries
• * Roman infantry tactics
• * Military equipment
• ** Roman military personal equipment
• ** Roman siege engines
• Navy
• * Fleet
• Decorations and punishments
• *Roman triumph
• **Ovation
• * Decimatio
• * Fustuarium
• Economics of the Roman army
• Roman military clothing

  Military history of Rome

• Borders of the Roman Empire
• Roman military frontiers and fortifications
• * Castra
• Military engineering of ancient Rome
• Military establishment of the Roman Republic
• Political history of the Roman military
• Strategy of the Roman military
• Structural history of the Roman military
• Technological history of the Roman military

  Military conflict

• Campaign history of the Roman military
• Roman wars
• Roman battles
• * Battle of Cannae
• * Battle of Cape Ecnomus

  General history of ancient Rome

• History of Rome
• * Founding of Rome
• Kingdom of Rome
• *Kings of Rome
• in Italy from about 500 BC to the start of the Second Punic War in 218 BC.Roman Republic
• *Conflict of the Orders
• *Punic Wars - series of three wars fought between Rome and ancient Carthage
• ** First Punic War
• *** Ebro Treaty
• ** Second Punic War - marked by Hannibal's surprising overland journey and his costly crossing of the Alps, followed by his reinforcement by Gaulish allies and crushing victories over Roman armies in the battle of the Trebia and the giant ambush at Trasimene.
• *** Hannibal - Punic Carthaginian military commander, generally considered one of the greatest military commanders in history. Hannibal occupied much of Italy for 15 years, but a Roman counter-invasion of North Africa forced him to return to Carthage, where he was decisively defeated by Scipio Africanus at the Battle of Zama.
• **** Conquests of Hannibal
• ***** Hannibal's Crossing of the Alps
• ***** Battle of the Trebia
• ***** Battle of Lake Trasimene
• ***** Battle of Cannae
• **** Battle of Zama - marked the final and decisive end of the Second Punic War. A Roman army led by Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus defeated a Carthaginian force led by the legendary commander Hannibal. Soon after this defeat on their home ground, the Carthaginian senate sued for peace, which was given to them by the Roman Republic on rather humiliating terms, ending the 17-year war.
• ** Third Punic War - involved an extended siege of Carthage, ending in the city's thorough destruction. The resurgence of the struggle can be explained by growing anti-Roman agitations in Hispania and Greece, and the visible improvement of Carthaginian wealth and martial power in the fifty years since the Second Punic War.
• *** Battle of Carthage
• *Crisis of the Roman Republic - extended period of political instability and social unrest that culminated in the demise of the Roman Republic and the advent of the Roman Empire.
• ** on the eve of the assassination of Julius Caesar, 44 BCAssassination of Julius Caesar
• Roman Empire
• * Principate - first period of the Roman Empire, extending from the beginning of the reign of Caesar Augustus to the Crisis of the Third Century, after which it was replaced with the Dominate. During the Principate, the constitution of the Roman Republic was never formally abolished. It was amended in such a way as to maintain a politically correct façade of Republican government. This ended following the Crisis of the Third Century, during the reign of Diocletian.
• ** Julio-Claudian dynasty - the first five Roman Emperors, including Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero. The dynasty ended when Nero committed suicide.
• *** Augustus
• *** Tiberius - stepson of Augustus. He was one of Rome's greatest generals, conquering Pannonia, Dalmatia, Raetia, and temporarily Germania; laying the foundations for the northern frontier. But he came to be remembered as a dark, reclusive, and sombre ruler who never really desired to be emperor; Pliny the Elder called him tristissimus hominum, "the gloomiest of men."
• *** Caligula
• *** Claudius
• *** Nero
• ** Year of the Four Emperors - these four emperors were Galba, Otho, Vitellius, and Vespasian. Vespasian's rule marked the beginning of the Flavian dynasty.
• *** Galba
• *** Otho
• *** Vitellius
• *** Vespasian
• ** Flavian dynasty
• ** Nerva–Antonine dynasty - dynasty of seven Roman Emperors who ruled over the Roman Empire from 96 AD to 192 AD. These Emperors were Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius, Lucius Verus, and Commodus.
• *** Nerva
• *** Trajan
• *** Hadrian
• *** Antoninus Pius
• *** Marcus Aurelius
• *** Lucius Verus
• *** Commodus
• ** Severan dynasty
• ***, the Roman Empire suffered internal schisms, forming the Palmyrene Empire and the Gallic EmpireCrisis of the Third Century - period in which the Roman Empire nearly collapsed under the combined pressures of invasion, civil war, plague, and economic depression. The Crisis began with the assassination of Emperor Alexander Severus at the hands of his own troops, initiating a fifty-year period in which 20–25 claimants to the title of Emperor, mostly prominent Roman army generals, assumed imperial power over all or part of the Empire.
• **** Barracks emperor - any Roman Emperor who seized power by virtue of his command of the army. Barracks emperors were especially common in the period from 235 through 284, during the Crisis of the Third Century.
• ***** List of barracks emperors
• ****Gallic Empire - modern name for a breakaway realm of the Roman Empire, founded by Postumus in 260 in the wake of barbarian invasions and instability in Rome, and at its height included the territories of Germania, Gaul, Britannia, and Hispania.
• ****Palmyrene Empire - splinter empire, that broke away from the Roman Empire during the Crisis of the Third Century. It encompassed the Roman provinces of Syria Palaestina, Egypt and large parts of Asia Minor.
• * Dominate - 'despotic' latter phase of government in the ancient Roman Empire from the conclusion of the Third Century Crisis until the collapse of the Western Empire. The Emperor Diocletian abandoned the appearances of the Republic for the sake of control, and introduced a novel system of joint rule by four monarchs known as the Tetrarchy.
• ** Decline of the Roman Empire - process spanning many centuries; there is no consensus when it might have begun but many dates and time lines have been proposed by historians.
• *** Tetrarchy - Diocletian designated the general Maximian as co-emperor, first as Caesar in 285, and then promoted him to Augustus in 286. Diocletian took care of matters in the Eastern regions of the Empire while Maximian similarly took charge of the Western regions. In 293, feeling more focus was needed on both civic and military problems, Diocletian, with Maximian's consent, expanded the imperial college by appointing two Caesars. The tetrarchy collapsed, however, in 313 and a few years later Constantine I reunited the two administrative divisions of the Empire as sole Augustus.
• **** First Tetrarchy - created by Diocletian with Maximian's consent in 293 by the appointment of two subordinate Caesars.
• ***** Diocletian
• ****** Galerius
• ***** Maximian
• ****** Constantius Chlorus
• **** Second Tetrarchy - in 305, the senior emperors jointly abdicated and retired, elevating Constantius and Galerius to the rank of Augusti. They in turn appointed two new Caesars.
• ***** Galerius
• ****** Maximinus
• ***** Constantius Chlorus
• ****** Flavius Valerius Severus
• **** Civil wars of the Tetrarchy - series of conflicts between the co-emperors of the Roman Empire, starting in 306 AD with the usurpation of Maxentius and the defeat of Severus, and ending with the defeat of Licinius at the hands of Constantine I in 324 AD.
• *** Constantinian dynasty - informal name for the ruling family of the Roman Empire from Constantius Chlorus to the death of Julian in 363. It is named after its most famous member, Constantine the Great who became the sole ruler of the empire in 324. It is also called the Neo-Flavian dynasty.
• *** First phase of the Migration Period
• *** Division of the Roman Empire - in order to maintain control and improve administration, various schemes to divide the work of the Roman Emperor by sharing it between individuals were tried between 285 and 324, from 337 to 350, from 364 to 392, and again between 395 and 480. Although the administrative subdivisions varied, they generally involved a division of labour between East and West. Each division was a form of power-sharing, for the ultimate imperium was not divisible and therefore the empire remained legally one state—although the co-emperors often saw each other as rivals or enemies rather than partners.
• **** Western Roman Empire - In 285, Emperor Diocletian divided the Roman Empire's administration into western and eastern halves. In 293, Rome lost its capital status, and Milan became the capital.
• **** Byzantine Empire - term used by modern historians to distinguish the Constantinople-centered Roman Empire of the Middle Ages from its earlier classical existence.
• ***** Nicomedia - Nicomedia was the metropolis of Bithynia under the Roman Empire, and Diocletian made it the eastern capital city of the Roman Empire in 286 when he introduced the Tetrarchy system.
• ***** Constantinople - founded in AD 330, at ancient Byzantium as the new capital of the entire Roman Empire by Constantine the Great, after whom it was named.
• ****** Walls of Constantinople
• * Fall of the Western Roman Empire - the two halves of the Roman Empire ended at different times, with the Western Roman Empire coming to an end in 476 AD. The Eastern Roman Empire survived for nearly a thousand years more, and eventually engulfed much of the Western Roman Empire's former territory.
• ** Fall of the Western Roman Empire - this was not sudden, and took over a hundred years. By 476, when Odoacer deposed the Emperor Romulus, the Western Roman Empire wielded negligible military, political, or financial power and had no effective control over the scattered Western domains that still described themselves as Roman.
• *** Odoacer - Germanic soldier, who in 476 became the first King of Italy. His reign is commonly seen as marking the end of the Western Roman Empire.
• ** Byzantine Empire - after the Western Roman Empire fragmented and collapsed, the Eastern Roman Empire continued to thrive, existing for nearly another thousand years until it fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. Its citizens referred to it as the Roman Empire, and saw it as a direct continuation of it. Historians consider it to be a distinctly different empire, with some overlap, but generally not included in the period referred to as Ancient Rome. Byzantium differed in major ways, including its primary language, which was Greek rather than Latin. It also differed religiously, with Roman mythology being replaced by Christianity.
• Legacy of the Roman Empire - what the Roman Empire passed on, in the form of cultural values, religious beliefs, as well as technological and other achievements, and through which it continued to shape other civilizations, a process which continues to this day.
• * Cultural heritage of the Roman Empire
• ** Last of the Romans
• * Legacy of Byzantium
• * Third Rome

  Roman historiography

• Prosopography of ancient Rome

  Works on Roman history

• Ab Urbe Condita, by Titus Livius, a monumental history of Rome, from its founding.
• Annals and Histories by Tacitus
• Res Gestae by Ammianus Marcellinus
• The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, by Edward Gibbon

  Culture of ancient Rome

Architecture of ancient Rome

• Roman Architectural Revolution
• *Roman concrete
• Roman brick

• Roman amphitheatre
• *List of Roman amphitheatres
• Roman aqueduct
• *List of aqueducts in the city of Rome
• *List of aqueducts in the Roman Empire
• Roman bridge
• * List of Roman bridges
• Roman canal
• Roman circus
• Roman cistern
• Roman dams and reservoirs
• Roman defensive walls
• Roman domes
• Forum
• * Roman Forum
• **List of monuments of the Roman Forum
• Roman gardens
• Roman horreum
• Insula
• Roman roads
• Roman roofs
• Roman temple
• *List of Ancient Roman temples
• Roman theatre
• * List of Roman theatres
• Thermae
• * List of Roman public baths
• Tholos
• Roman triumphal arches
• Roman villa
• *Villa rustica

  Art in ancient Rome

• Decorative arts of ancient Rome
• *Ancient Roman pottery
• *Roman glass
• *Roman mosaic
• Literature
• * Augustan literature
• ** Augustan poetry
• Music of ancient Rome
• Painting of ancient Rome
• * Pompeian Styles
• * Roman wall painting
• Sculpture of ancient Rome
• *Roman sculpture
• *Roman portraiture
• Theatre of ancient Rome
• Bathing in ancient Rome
• Calendar
• *Julian calendar
• Cuisine of ancient Rome
• *Food and dining in the Roman Empire
• * Wine in Roman culture
• **Bacchanalia
• Education in Ancient Rome
• *Athenaeum
• Fashion in ancient Rome
• * Clothing in ancient Rome
• **Stola
• **Synthesis
• **Toga
• * Cosmetics in Ancient Rome
• * Roman hairstyles
• * Roman jewelry
• Festivals
• * Ludi Romani
• * Lupercalia
• * Saturnalia
• Fiction set in ancient Rome
• Legacy of the Roman Empire
• *Museum of Roman Civilization
• Medicine in ancient Rome
• * Disease in Imperial Rome
• * Disability in ancient Rome
• * Food and diet in ancient medicine
• * Medical community of ancient Rome
• Naming conventions
• People in ancient Rome
• *List of ancient Romans
• Philosophy in ancient Rome
• Public entertainment
• * Chariot racing
• * Gladiator combat
• * Ludi
• Sexuality in ancient Rome
• * Homosexuality in ancient Rome
• * Prostitution
• Technology
• * Engineering in ancient Rome
• * Units of measurement
• **Roman timekeeping
• * Sanitation in ancient Rome

  Social order in ancient Rome

• Associations in Ancient Rome
• *Collegium
• Dignitas
• Family in Ancient Rome
• *Pater familias
• *Children of Ancient Rome
• **Adoption in ancient Rome
• **Birth registration in Ancient Rome
• Marriage in ancient Rome
• *Confarreatio
• Mos maiorum
• Patronage in ancient Rome
• Roman citizenship
• Romanization
• Slavery in ancient Rome
• Social class in ancient Rome
• * Patricians
• * Plebs
• ** Conflict of the Orders
• ** Secessio plebis
• * Equestrian order
• * Gens
• * Tribes
• Women in ancient Rome
• * Naming conventions for women in ancient Rome

  Religion in ancient Rome

• Imperial cult
• Religious persecution in the Roman Empire

  Roman mythology

• Roman Gods
• * Capitoline Triad
• **Juno
• **Jupiter
• **Minerva
• Heroes
• * Hercules in ancient Rome
• ** Great Altar of Hercules
• ** Temple of Hercules Victor
• Roma

  Roman religious institutions

• Collegium Pontificum
• * Vestal Virgin
• * Rex Sacrorum
• * Pontifex maximus
• * Flamen
• Augur
• Quindecimviri sacris faciundis
• Epulones

  Roman religious practices

• Animal sacrifice
• * Lustratio
• *October Horse
• *Taurobolium
• Roman funerary practices
• *Roman funerary art
• *Roman sarcophagi

  Language in ancient Rome

• Romance languages
• History of Latin
• * Old Latin
• * Classical Latin
• * Vulgar Latin
• * Medieval Latin
• * Renaissance Latin
• * New Latin
• * Contemporary Latin
• * Ecclesiastical Latin
• Latin alphabet
• *Latin letters used in mathematics
• Roman numerals
• Latin phrases
• Latin-script calligraphy
• *Roman cursive
• *Roman square capitals
• *Rustic capitals

Economy of ancient Rome

• Roman agriculture
• * Deforestation
• * Grain supply to the city of Rome
• Roman commerce
• *Roman trade with China
• *Roman trade with India
• Roman finance
• Roman currency
• * Roman Republican currency
• * Roman provincial currency
• Roman metallurgy

  Scholars

Ancient

• Apuleius
• Catullus
• Cicero
• Quintus Curtius Rufus
• Horace
• Julius Caesar
• Juvenal
• Livy
• Lucretius
• Ovid
• Petronius
• Plautus
• Pliny the Elder
• Pliny the Younger
• Propertius
• Sallust
• Seneca the Elder
• Seneca the Younger
• Suetonius
• Tacitus
• Virgil
• Vitruvius

  Modern

• Edward Gibbon

  Ancient Roman lists

• Alphabetized list of notable ancient Romans
• Glossary of ancient Roman religion
• Latin masculine nouns of the 1st Declension
• Roman cognomina
• Roman geographers
• Roman nomina
• Roman tribes
• Roman women
• Adjectival and demonymic forms of regions in Greco-Roman antiquity