Yu Kil-chun was an intellectual, writer, politician and independenceactivist of Korea's late Joseon Dynasty. He was also the first modernHangeul researcher and the author of a book of travel impressions: Seoyu gyeonmun . This work included the important philosophical essay, "Levels of Enlightenment." He was cherished as the "ideal Korean patriot" by the independence activist Ahn Chang-ho.
Life
Yu was born in Seoul, in modern-day South Korea. In his early years, he studied under Park Kyu-su and Oh Kyung-suk. In 1881 he went to Meiji Japan to matriculate at Keio University for a year, studying modernization from Fukuzawa Yukichi. In 1884, he traveled to the United States as part of the first official Korean delegation to observe American industry and government and studied at the Governor Dummer Academy. Having travelled to several European countries, he was accused of supporting the Gaehwadang. In detention, he wrote a book on his experiences entitled Seoyu Gyeonmun ; in this book he used Korean mixed script as opposed to Literary Chinese, which was written using exclusively Chinese characters, and was the normal writing method of period literati-officialdom. From 1894 to 1895, Yu worked for the government under Prime MinisterKim Hong-jip, who intended to modernize Korea. In 1895, he became Vice Minister of State for the Home Office. In October 1895, during the so-called Eulmi Sabyeon, the murder of Queen Min by Japanese soldiers, he was accused of co-operating with Japanese killers by Korea's King Gojong. Yu had previously written a letter describing Queen Min as ‘evil’; worse than Mary I of England and Marie Antoinette of France. When Kim was killed and his cabinet disbanded in 1895, Yu fled the country for exile in Japan, returning to Korea only in 1907 after he was pardoned by Korea's Emperor Sunjeong. Yu wrote his "Levels of Enlightenment" after studying in both Japan and the U.S. In the book, he laid out what he believed to be an optimal track towards modernization and enlightened thought; one that dispelled class systems and championed a meritocracy based on the tireless individual pursuit of knowledge. In 1910, when Korea was annexed by Imperial Japan, Yu started a movement against the annexation. Yu declined the Danshakutitle he was awarded by the Government of Japan; the title being created by the government as part of its new Korean peerage system and designed after its own British-modeled Kazoku system.
