Je–Tupi–Carib languages
Je–Tupi–Carib is a proposed language family composed of the Macro-Je, Tupian and Cariban languages of South America. Aryon Rodrigues based this proposal on shared morphological patterns.
The Je-Tupi-Carib proposal replaces earlier long-range hypotheses, e.g. Greenberg's phyla "Jê-Pano-Carib" and "Tupi-Arawak",, or Mason's "Macro-Tupí-Guaranían" family which groups Tupian together with Bora–Witoto and Zaparoan.
Comparison
In the following table the personal marks of different phylogenetic groups in the "Je-Tupí-Carib hypothesis" are shown:| GLOSS | Macro- Tupí | Macro- Gê | Proto- Carib | Panoan | Takanan | Mataco- Guaicurú |
| 1st singular | wi-, o-, ɨ- *a-, *sʲe- | *ʔi-, yo- | *ɨwɨ *ʧi- | ʔɨʔ-, e- | i-, e- | *y- |
| 2nd singular | *e- *né- | *ʔa-, gʷa- | *m- *a- | mi- | mi-, me- | *a- |
| 3rd singular | *o- *i-, *ts- | *i-, ɛ- | *kiʧɨ- *k- | haa-, xa- | *i- | |
| 1st plural | *ku- | *qo- | ||||
| 2nd plural | *pe- | *ka- | *qa- | |||
| 3rd plural |
In this table the forms marked with refer to ergative/agentive case, and the forms marked with are referred to absolutive/patient/experiencer case.
Comparison of Proto-Macro-Jê, Proto-Tupí, and Proto-Karib from Nikulin :
| gloss | Proto-Macro-Jê | Proto-Tupí | Proto-Karib |
| ‘we’ | *ka | *oɾʸe / *oɾʸo=,*Vy= | *apina, *kɨwɨ-ɾə |
| ‘two’ | *ɾey | not reconstructible | *atyəkə |
| ‘I’ | *iK=, *ba= | *õn / *o= | *əwɨ-ɾə |
| ‘eye’ | *ⁿdʌm | *=eča | *=ənu |
| ‘you’ | *aC=, *ka= | *ẽn / *e= | *əmə-ɾə |
| ‘fire’ | *ʆɯm | *=atʸa | *wapoto |
| ‘tongue’ | *ʆɔ̃ỹᵊtʌy / *ɲɔ̃ỹᵊtʌy | *kʸũ | *nuɾu |
| ‘stone’ | *kɾaT ~ *kɾaK | *wita | *təpu |
| ‘name’ | *yit | *=et | *=ətetɨ |
| ‘hand’ | *ⁿbo | *po / *ⁿpo | *=əmiya |
| ‘to die’ | *tɯC | *pap | *ɾəməpə |
| ‘to drink’ | *ʆop / *yop | *kʼu ‘to eat, to drink’ | *ənɨɾɨ |
| ‘louse’ | *ⁿgot, *tit | *ⁿkɨp | *ayamə |
| ‘moon’ | *Pãɲɔ̃t | *wačɨ | *nunnə |
| ‘nail’ | *pṼ=ʆay | *po=ape / *ⁿpo=ape | *=amoti |
| ‘blood’ | *ʆVⁿbV / *yVⁿbV | *=Vʔɨ | *munu |
| ‘one’ | *piyit | not reconstructible | *əwinə |
| ‘tooth’ | *ʆɔy / *yɔy | *=ãỹ | *=ə |
| ‘new’ | *tʌbⁿ | not reconstructible | not reconstructible |
| ‘dry’ | *tVgⁿ | *ⁿkãŋ | *umɨna |
| ‘liver’ | *ⁿbaT ~ *ⁿbaK | *pɨʔa | *=əɾe |
| ‘to eat’ | *ku | *kʼu ‘to eat, to drink’ | *ətəku |
| ‘tail’ | *ⁿbɯn | *=uway | *=kɨ |
| ‘this’ | *toC | not reconstructible | *tə |
| ‘hair’ | *ʆi | *=ap | *tipotɨ |
| ‘water’ | *ⁿbiVk | *kʼɨ | *tuna |
| ‘nose’ | *ʆĩya / *ɲĩya | *ãpɨy | *=əwna |
| ‘not’ | *tɔ̃T ~ *tɔ̃K | *=ãm | *=ɾa, *=pɨɾa |
| ‘mouth’ | *ʆaɾᵊ / *yaɾᵊ | *=ẽn | *mɨta |
| ‘ear’ | *ʆĩp=pV / *ɲĩp=pV | *apɨ | *pana |
| ‘that’ | *nã | not reconstructible | *mə |
| ‘bird’ | *pɾɤy ,*ⁿbVkɾa | not reconstructible | *toɾono |
| ‘bone’ | *ʆik / *yik | *kãŋ | *ye |
| ‘sun’ | *Pãɲɔ̃t, *kɾVPV | *ⁿkʷat | *titi |
| ‘tree’ | *kop | *kʼɨp | *yeye |
| ‘ashes’ | *ⁿbɾʌk | not reconstructible | *əɾuno |
| ‘to give’ | *ʆɔ̃p / *ɲɔ̃p | *=ũm | *utu |
| ‘rain’ | *ⁿdVy | *mãn | *konopo |
| ‘fish’ | *mĩKnũ | *ɨp, *potʸ, *poɾʸɨp | *woto, *kana |
| ‘neck’ | *ʆok- / *yok- | *wut | *pɨmɨ |
| ‘breast’ | *kɤp ~ *kɛp | *ⁿkãm | *manatɨ |
| ‘leaf’ | *ʆoyᵊ, *ʆaɾɔ | *=epʷ | *yaɾe |
| ‘to come’ | *tɛ, *mɔ̃ŋ | *wut | *ətepɨ |
| ‘to kill’ | *paT ~ *paK | *aku | *wə |
| ‘foot’ | *paɾᵊ | *pɨ / *ⁿpɨ | *pupu |
| ‘to sit’ | *ɲɯ̃ p | *in | not reconstructible |
| ‘root’ | *ʆaɾet / *yaɾet | *=apo | *mitɨ |
| ‘horn’ | *kop | not reconstructible | *ɾetɨ |
| ‘to fly’ | *pɔ, *ʆɔ | not reconstructible | not reconstructible |
| ‘to hear’ | *ⁿbak | *=eⁿtup | *əta |
| ‘skin,bark’ | *kɤ | *pe | *pi |
| ‘long’ | *ɾɯy | *peɾeC | *mɨa |
| ‘meat’ | *ɲĩt | *ẽt | *punu |
| ‘road’ | *pɾɯt | *pe / *ape | *ətema |
| ‘to know’ | *ⁿbak | not reconstructible | *pu |
| ‘egg’ | *ⁿgɾɛ | *=upiʔa | *pumo |
| ‘seed’ | *ʆɯm | not reconstructible | *epɨ |
| ‘knee’ | *ʆVkɾã / *yVkɾã | *=pɨ̃ʔã | *=ətyə=kumu |
| ‘head’ | *kɾãỹ | *ʔa | *pu |
| ‘to sleep’ | *ʆɔ̃tᵊ / *ɲɔ̃tᵊ | *kʸet | *wənɨkɨ |
| ‘to burn’ | *pokᵊ | *pɨkʼ | *iatu |
| ‘to bite’ | *pɾop ~ *pɾʌp | *čukʼu | *əte |
| ‘fat’ | *tɔbⁿ | *kʸap | *katɨ |
| ‘man’ | *ⁿbɯn | *aɨče | *wəkɨɾɨ |
| ‘all’ | *=pV | not reconstructible, cf. PTG *=pap ‘completive’ | not reconstructible |
| ‘snake’ | *kaŋã | *ⁿboy | *əkəyu |
| ‘to see’ | *ⁿbVp | *cup | *əne |
| ‘heavy’ | *kuʆɯ | *pocɨy | *əwoti- |
| ‘to go’ | *tɛ, *mɔ̃ŋ | *co | *tə |
| ‘cold’ | *yiyi | *cik ~ *čik | *komiti |
| ‘cloud’ | *ⁿgVkᵊ , *ⁿbVV | not reconstructible | not reconstructible |
| ‘far’ | *ɾɯy | not reconstructible | *mɨa, *paki |
| ‘good’ | *ⁿbɛȶᵊ | not reconstructible | *kuɾe |
| ‘mountain’ | *kɾãỹ | *cuʔa ~ *čuʔa | *ɨpɨ |
| ‘wind’ | *kokᵊ | *ɨpʷɨtu | *apitetune |
| ‘belly’ | *tikᵊ | *=ɨʔe ~ *=eʔo | *waku |