Proto-Tupian

Homeland and ''Urheimat''

Lexicon

Independent nouns

• **apʷũ ‘person’/‘who’
• **aɨče ‘man’
• **pet ‘woman’
• **orʲe ‘we, I; he/they’
• **ru ‘fellow’

• **ɨčɨ ‘deer’
• **ameko ‘jaguar’
• **aʔɨ ‘sloth’
• **awuru/aworo ‘parrot’
• **arat ‘macaw’
• **moj ‘snake’
• **ɨp ‘fish’
• **enem ‘beetle’
• **ŋap ‘wasp’

• **mani ‘manioc’
• **awa/awai ‘yams’
• **ɨčɨpo ‘vine’
• **kʔɨp ‘tree, wood’
• **kɨče ‘bamboo’
• **ɨʔa ‘calabash’
• **wetʲɨk ‘sweet potato’

• **ŋʷat ‘sun’
• **watɨ ‘moon’
• **ɨpʷɨ ‘earth’
• **aman ‘rain’
• **ičʔɨ ‘river’
• **wita ‘stone’
• **ʔat ‘day’

  Dependent nouns

• **amõj ‘grandfather’
• **up ‘father’
• **čɨ ‘mother’
• **aʔɨt ‘son of a man’
• **ɨket ‘older sister of a woman’
• **kɨpʷɨt ‘brother of a woman’

• **po ‘hand’
• **ʔa ‘head’
• **ap ‘hair’
• **apɨ ‘ear’
• **pepʔo ‘wing’
• **uwaj ‘tail’
• **kaŋ ‘bone’

• **epʷ ‘leaf’
• **akã ‘branch’
• **potʔɨt ‘flower’
• **wu ‘thorn’

• **ekʷʔɨp ‘arrow’
• **wɨ ‘ax’
• **ɨrʲu ‘basket’
• **waʔẽ ‘pot’
• **čʔam ‘rope’
• **atʲa ‘fire’
• **ekʷ ‘house’
• **moʔɨt ‘necklace’

• **ačɨ ‘ache’
• **akʲup ‘warm’
• **ečaraj ‘forgetful’
• **pocɨj ‘heavy’
• **acʔaŋ ‘thick’

  Verbs, affixes, and others

• **ʔam ‘to stand’
• **up ~ wup ‘to lie’
• **in ‘to sit’
• **eko ‘to be moving’
• **kup ‘to be.plural’

• **ka ‘to go’
• **co ‘to go’
• **ut ~ **wut ‘to come’

• **kʔe ‘to say/to do’

• **pe ‘punctual locative/dative’
• **ka ‘allative’
• **wo ~ mo ‘diffuse locative’
• **ece ‘relative’/‘associative’
• **eɾi, **wi ‘ablative’
• **eɾʲo ~ **eɾʲe ‘associative’
• **coče ‘superessive’
• **na ‘translative’

• **mo- ‘causative prefix’
• **eɾʲo- ~ **eɾʲe- ‘causative-comitative prefix’
• **we- ‘reflexive prefix’
• **wo- ‘reciprocal prefix’

  Cultural vocabulary