Ipomoea is the largest genus in the flowering plantfamilyConvolvulaceae, with over 600 species. It is a large and diverse group with common names including morning glory, water convolvulus or kangkung, sweet potato, bindweed, moonflower, etc. The most widespread common name is morning glories, but there are also species in related genera bearing the same common name. Those formerly separated in Calonyction are called moonflowers. The generic name is derived from the Greek ἴψ, ἰπός, meaning "woodworm", and ὅμοιος, meaning "resembling." It refers to their twining habit. The genus occurs throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the world, and comprises annual and perennialherbaceous plants, lianas, shrubs and small trees; most of the species are twining climbing plants.
Most species have spectacular, colorful flowers and are often grown as ornamentals, and a number of cultivars have been developed. Their deep flowers attract large Lepidoptera - especially Sphingidae such as the pink-spotted hawk moth - or even hummingbirds.
The genus includes food crops; the tubers of sweet potatoes and the leaves of water spinach are commercially important food items and have been for millennia. The sweet potato is one of the Polynesian "canoe plants", transplanted by settlers on islands throughout the Pacific. Water spinach is used all over eastern Asia and the warmer regions of the Americas as a key component of well-known dishes, such as canh chua rau muống or callaloo; its numerous local names attest to its popularity. Other species are used on a smaller scale, e.g. the whitestar potato traditionally eaten by some Native Americans, such as the ChiricahuaApaches, or the Australian bush potato.
Peonidin, an anthocyanidin potentially useful as a food additive, is present in significant quantities in the flowers of the 'Heavenly Blue' cultivars.
Moon vine sap was used for vulcanization of the latex of Castilla elastica to rubber; as it happens, the rubber tree seems well-suited for the vine to twine upon, and the two species are often found together. As early as 1600 BCE, the Olmecs produced the balls used in the Mesoamerican ballgame.
The root called John the Conqueror in hoodoo and used in lucky and/or sexual charms usually seems to be from I. jalapa''. The testicle-like dried tubers are carried as amulets and rubbed by the users to gain good luck in gambling or flirting. As Willie Dixon wrote, somewhat tongue-in-cheek, in his song "Rub My Root" :
Humans use Ipomoea for their content of medical and psychoactive compounds, mainly alkaloids. Some species are renowned for their properties in folk medicine and herbalism; for example Vera Cruz jalap and Tampico jalap are used to produce jalap, a cathartic preparation accelerating the passage of stool. Kiribadu Ala is one of the many ingredients of chyawanprash, the ancient Ayurvedic tonic called "the elixir of life" for its wide-ranging properties. The leaves of I. batatas are eaten as a vegetable, and have been shown to slow oxygenation of LDLs, with some similar potential health benefits to green tea and grape polyphenols. Other species were and still are used as potent entheogens. Seeds of Mexican morning glory were thus used by Aztecs and Zapotecs in shamanistic and priestly divination rituals, and at least by the former also as a poison, to give the victim a "horror trip". Beach moonflower was also used thus, and the cultivars called 'Heavenly Blue Morning Glory', touted today for their psychoactive properties, seem to represent an indeterminable assembly of hybrids of these two species. Ergoline derivatives are probably responsible for the entheogenic activity. Ergine, isoergine, D-lysergic acid N-amide and lysergol have been isolated from I. tricolor, I. violacea and/or purple morning glory ; although these are often assumed to be the cause of the plants' effects, this is not supported by scientific studies, which show although they are psychoactive, they are not notably hallucinogenic. Alexander Shulgin in TiHKAL suggests ergonovine is responsible, instead. It has verified psychoactive properties, though as yet other undiscovered lysergamides possibly are present in the seeds. Though most often noted as "recreational" drugs, the lysergamides are also of medical importance. Ergonovine enhances the action of oxytocin, used to still post partum bleeding. Ergine induces drowsiness and a relaxed state and might be useful in treating anxiety disorder. Whether Ipomoea species are a useful source of these compounds remains to be determined. In any case, in some jurisdictions certain Ipomoea are regulated, e.g. by the Louisiana State Act 159 which bans cultivation of I. violacea except for ornamental purposes.
Pests and diseases
Many herbivores avoid morning glories such as Ipomoea, as the high alkaloid content makes these plants unpalatable, if not toxic. Nonetheless, Ipomoea species are used as food plants by the caterpillars of certain Lepidoptera ; see list of Lepidoptera which feed on Ipomoea. For a selection of diseases of the sweet potato, many of which also infect other members of this genus, see List of sweet potato diseases. List of Ipomoea species
