Zahamena National Park
Zahamena National Park is a national park of Madagascar. Established in 1997, it covers an area of out of a total protected area of. It is part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Rainforests of the Atsinanana, inscribed in 2007 and consisting of 13 specific areas located within eight national parks in the eastern part of Madagascar. In 2001, Bird Life International assessed avifauna of 112 species of which 67 species are exclusively endemic to Madagascar.
The park is habitat for 112 bird species, 46 reptile species, 62 species of amphibians and 48 species of mammals, including 13 species of lemurs. The ethnic groups inhabiting the area are mostly Betsimisaraka and Sihanak. The most prominent faunal species in the park are: Indri indri, a black lemur with white patches; the Madagascar red owl , locally known as vorondolomena; the katsatsaka, a small gecko; the Madagascar serpent eagle, a threatened species; and the red-tailed newtonia, a very common bird species in the park. The two most prominent endemic floral species are Marattia boivinii and Blotella coursii.
Geography
The park, in the eastern part of the Madagascar island, is north-east of Ambatondrazaka, from Manakambahiny-East, to the northwest of Tamatave and about east from Lake Alaotra. It is considered to be difficult to reach, so doesn't attract many tourists. It is part of the rainforest topography and ecology of the Rainforests of the Atsinanana. It is located in rugged, undulating topography of the eastern rock faces as part of the mountainous hinterland of Madagascar with an elevation range of. This terrain forms the dividing line of the lowlands. The land area of the park has well defined boundaries on the north east and south. The park is divided into two zones by a corridor with settled villages in between. The park area is made up of many valleys and is drained by rivers such as the Sahatavy River and the Sarondrina River. On the north-west side of the park there are many more rivers which drain into Lake Alaotra. The office of the park administration is situated at Antanandava.Climatically, the park receives an annual rainfall in the range of 180–200 cm; the average temperature recorded is in the range of 15-28C.
Flora
The park is home to some of the finest rainforests in Madagascar. In view of the varying altitude of the park, the type of vegetation is also of varying biodiversity. It is rich in forest vegetation with many species of flora. The humid evergreen forest in the low-elevation zone of the park consists generally of a tree canopy of in height with also high emergents. The trees species in this low-elevation range are Tambourissa, Weinmannia, Diospyros, Ravensara and Dalbergia. The shrub area includes species of tree ferns Cyatheales and Cyatheales, Screw ferns and Pandanus. The park also has secondary forest areas. Up to mid-altitudes, dense, humid evergreen forest are noted. Above this level, dense forest vegetation comprises sclerophyllous montane forests. The slopes of the forest are seen with denser shrubs with herbs and ferns Polystichum as dominant flora at the floor level of the forests. As a part of the overall forest setting, the flora reported from the park also include 60 species of orchids, 20 species of palms, and 500 or more species of woody plants.Fauna
The fauna reported in the rainforests are found in all the national parks in the country. The reported fauna consists of 45 species of mammals including 13 species of lemurs which are: Diademed sifaka, black-and-white ruffed lemur, indri, hairy-eared dwarf lemur , aye-aye or the local endemic and endangered Lake Alaotra bamboo lemur. The endemic species in the park are: Malagasy primates consisting of five families which are lemurs; seven genera of Rodentia and six genera of Carnivora; 46 species of reptiles including Sanzinia madagascariensis ; 25 endemic and near-endemic species of mammals. Of these species, 22 are reported under threatened category, 8 species are under critically endangered list, 9 species are endangered, and 5 species are vulnerable. There are also many endemic species of Chiroptera.Avifauna
The Bird Life International identified a bird area of in 2001, in the total protected area including the park area. The park has a rich population of birds consisting 112 species, and 67 of these species are reported to be endemic, the largest number in Madagascar. Notable species recorded are: the Madagascar serpent eagle, Madagascar sparrowhawk, Henst's goshawk, Madagascar flufftail, Madagascar wood rail, Madagascar blue pigeon ''Alectroenas, red owl, red-tailed newtonia , Madagascar crested ibis, brown mesite, red-breasted coua, red-fronted coua , red owl, blue coua, collared nightjar, velvet asity, sunbird asity, helmet vanga, yellow-bellied asity, short-legged ground roller, scaly ground roller, pitta-like ground roller, rufous-headed ground roller, Bernier's vanga, Pollen's vanga, helmet vanga, nuthatch vanga, dark newtonia, red-tailed newtonia, Ward's flycatcher, Crossley's babbler , brown emutail, white-throated oxylabes, spectacled tetraka, dusky tetraka, grey-crowned tetraka, cryptic warbler, Rand's warbler, green jery, wedge-tailed jery, forest rock thrush, nelicourvi weaver, and forest fody.Aquafauna
The aqua faunal species recorded in the park are 29 species of fishes and 62 species of amphibians.Conservation
The threat faced by the park is generally from the poor farmers who reside on the boundary of the park. As the agricultural yield from their farm lands is very low, they resort to encroachment of the park land and carry out hunting of wildlife in the park for their sustenance. Destruction of forests by "slash-and-burn cultivation and hunting ", fires, poaching, cutting of precious trees such as rosewood and ebony, and also gem mining to small extent are some of the common threats to the biodiversity of the park.The park is managed by Madagascar National Parks. As one of WWF’s Global 200 priority eco-regions for conservation priority attention has been given by international agencies to carry out conservation activities in the park which involves prevention of encroachments and threat to wildlife. The progress in this respect is reported to be good.
The "Landscape Development Interventions Program" is in operation in the park. Under this programme, ensuring protection to the highland rainforest corridor that links the Zahamena Park and Andasibe-Mantadia National Park is one of the primary objectives. The other related activities initiated are the elimination of “rural poverty through agricultural intensification and sustainable management of natural resources”. This programme is spread over five areas of increasing agriculture yields, enhanced conservation measures, and community participation in natural resource management.