Whitney's planarity criterion


In mathematics, Whitney's planarity criterion is a matroid-theoretic characterization of planar graphs, named after Hassler Whitney. It states that a graph G is planar if and only if its graphic matroid is also cographic.
In purely graph-theoretic terms, this criterion can be stated as follows: There must be another graph G'= and a bijective correspondence between the edges E' and the edges E of the original graph G, such that a subset T of E forms a spanning tree of G if and only if the edges corresponding to the complementary subset E-T form a spanning tree of G'.

Algebraic duals

An equivalent form of Whitney's criterion is that a graph G is planar if and only if it has a dual graph whose graphic matroid is dual to the graphic matroid of G.
A graph whose graphic matroid is dual to the graphic matroid of G is known as an algebraic dual of G. Thus, Whitney's planarity criterion can be expressed succinctly as: a graph is planar if and only if it has an algebraic dual.

Topological duals

If a graph is embedded into a topological surface such as the plane, in such a way that every face of the embedding is a topological disk, then the dual graph of the embedding is defined as the graph H that has a vertex for every face of the embedding, and an edge for every adjacency between a pair of faces.
According to Whitney's criterion, the following conditions are equivalent:
It is possible to define dual graphs of graphs embedded on nonplanar surfaces such as the torus, but these duals do not generally have the correspondence between cuts, cycles, and spanning trees required by Whitney's criterion.