White Bermudians or Bermudians of European descent, are Bermudians whose ancestry lies within the continent of Europe, most notably the British Isles and Portugal. Around 31% of the population of Bermuda is white.
History
The White population of Bermuda made up the entirety of the Bermuda's population, other than a black and an Indian slave brought in for a very short-lived pearl fishery in 1616, from settlement 'til the middle of the 17th Century, and the majority until some point in the 18th Century. The majority of the white settlers arrived from England as indentured servants or tenant farmers, as most of Bermuda's land was owned by absentee landlords who remained in England as shareholders in the Virginia Company and then its offshoot the Somers Isles Company. White IrishGaels were sent to Bermuda after the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland that followed the English Civil War. Usually described as 'prisoners-of-war', these Irishmen and women were removed from Ireland involuntarily, and sold into indentured servitude on arrival in Bermuda. Small numbers of Scots were sent to Bermuda in the same way after Cromwell's invasion of Scotland. The Irish were ostracised by the English whites, and were found so troublesome that their further import was banned. By the middle of the 18th century, they, and the Native American slaves also sent to Bermuda after the conquest of their homelands, had largely merged, with the free and enslaved blacks, with Bermuda's population boiled down to two demographic groups: White and Coloured. The population of Bermuda on 17 April 1721, was listed as 8,364, composed of: "Totals:—Men on the Muster roll, 1,078; men otherwise, 91; Women, 1,596; boys, 1,072; girls, 1,013. Blacks; Men, 817, women 965; boys 880; girls, 852." The Population of Bermuda in 1727 included 4,470 whites and 3,877 coloured. By 1871 the permanent population included 4,725 whites and 7,376 coloured. The term coloured was generally used in preference to black as anyone who was of wholly European ancestry was defined as white, leaving everyone else as coloured. This included the multi-racial descendants of the previous minority demographic groups, as well as the occasional Jew, Persian, South-Asian, East Asian or other non-White and non-Black Bermudian. It was largely by this method that coloured Bermudians came to outnumber white Bermudians, despite starting off at a numerical disadvantage, and despite low Black immigration prior to the latter 19th century to be defined as black, with Asian and other non-white Bermudians defined as separate racial groups. On Census returns, only in recent years have Bermudians been given the option to define themselves by more than one race, although there was considerable opposition to this from many Black leaders who discouraged Black Bermudians from doing so. The majority of Bermuda's overall ancestry actually remains European, as most black Bermudians are actually of European ancestry, but as only those entirely of European ancestry are considered white, the largest demographic group is black, despite those of entirely sub-Saharan African ancestry being only a negligible part of the population. This history has been well understood from the written record, was confirmed in 2009 by the only genetic survey of Bermuda, which looked exclusively at the black population of St. David's Island consequently showed that the African ancestry of black Bermudians is largely from a band across southern Africa, from Angola to Mozambique, which is similar to what is revealed in Latin America, but distinctly different from the blacks of the British West Indies and the United States. 68% of the mtDNA lineages of the black islanders were found to be African, with the two most common being L0a and L3e, which are sourced from populations spread from Central-West to South-East Africa. These lineages represent less than 5% of the mtDNA lineages of blacks in the United States and the English-speaking West Indies. They are, however, common in Brazil and the Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America. L3e, by example, is typical of !Kung speaking populations of the Kalahari, as well as of parts of Mozambique and Nigeria. The modern nation where it represents the highest percentage of the population is actually Brazil, where it represents 21% of mtDNA lineages. 31% of the mtDNA lineages of blacks in Bermuda are West Eurasian, with J1c being the most common. 1% were Native American. For NRY haplogroups among black Bermudians, the study found about a third were made up of three African ones, with the remainder being West Eurasian excepting one individual with a Native American NRY haplogroup Q1a3a. Of the individuals with European NRY haplogroups, more than half had R1b1b2, which is common in Europe and is found at frequencies over 75% in England and Wales.
Present
The 2010 Bermudian Census found that White Bermudians accounted for 31% of the territory's total population, with a further 7% of Bermuda's population self-identifying as being of mixed African and European descent. A majority of European Bermudians are foreign-born nationals. The most common place of birth for foreign-born White Bermudians are: the United Kingdom - 3,942, United States - 3,424, Canada - 2,235, Azores/Portugal - 1,574 and other European countries - 1,125.
