West River is the portion of the state of South Dakota located west of the Missouri River with well over one-half of the land area and between one-quarter and one-third of the population of the state. The contrast between the two regions is striking. While East River is predominantly a corn- and wheat-growing region, with large numbers of pigs and poultry operations, West River is predominantly ranching with some dryland farming. Population has decreased as family farms declined due to the harsh conditions and industrialization of agriculture. Other than aggregates, all mining in South Dakota is located in West River, which includes the Black Hills. Both areas were occupied for thousands of years by varying cultures of indigenous peoples. The historical Great Plains tribes, especially the Lakota or Sioux groups, held most of the territory west of the river. Moreover, the Badlands are located here, a vast expanse of rugged, unusable land designated a national park in 1939. While European-American settlement of East River was largely by homesteaders moving west from Iowa and Minnesota, or immigrants arriving by train from eastern US seaports, those who went to West River were first gold-seekers and miners; many from older gold rush locations to the west, such as Montana and Colorado. They were followed by ranchers from Texas, Kansas, and Colorado. As a result, while East River has a high Scandinavian and German-descended population and a culture similar that of Minnesota, the majority population of West River is more generally European American, with a culture similar to the Mountain states. Nearly 10% of South Dakota's total population is Native American and Indian reservations are located in both sides of the state. Five are located west of the Missouri River, the area of the former Great Sioux Reservation established in 1868. More than 30% of the population of West River is of Native American descent; this includes primarily Lakota residents of the reservations, as well as populations in urban centers such as Rapid City. Since the 1960s and the rise of Indian activism, numerous Native Americans have returned to the reservations. Native Americans make up the fastest-growing segment of the population in the state as a whole. In the 1990s, Bennett County's population became majority Native American. From 2000 to 2010, the total Native American population in the state grew by 15 percent. Since the late 20th century, Native Americans have become more engaged in local, state and federal politics. Native Americans across the state overwhelmingly support the Democratic Party. In the 2002 elections, Oglala Lakota candidates won positions in Bennett County as county sheriff, one of the county commissioners, and a seat on the county school board. As of 2010, nearly 97 percent of West River's population was White or Native American, with less than four percent being African American, Asian, or Hispanic. Containing both Ellsworth Air Force Base and most installations of the South Dakota Army National Guard, West River has major military activities contributing to the regional economy. Only the South Dakota Air National Guard is located in East River. The majority-white voters of West River are politically more conservative and Republican than East River. The state Republican Party is normally dominated by East River interests. Walter Dale Miller, the only governor from West River in the state's recent history, came to office in 1993 following the death of Governor George S. Mickelson.
