The Vicarello Cups are four silver cups discovered in 1852 near the baths of Aquae Apollinares, at Vicarello, Italy, near Lake Bracciano.
History
The cups were discovered in 1852 when the existing bath complex near Vicarello was destroyed to create a more modern one. The cups were found inside a crevice in the rock from which the thermal waters issued, along with a deposit consisting of ca. 5,000 bronze coins, 34 vessels of which 12 were inscribed, and various metal objects such as plates, small statues in bronze and other materials. The finds from the deposit, including the cups, are mostly to be found in the Museo Nazionale Romano, while a few of the numismatic finds are in the Vatican Museums. The collection belonged originally to the KircherMuseum, which was later incorporated into the Museo Nazionale. It is possible that many of the coins from the original discovery did not make it into the museum collection.
Description
Dated to the 1st century AD, the cups are cylindrical in form and range in height from and are similar in shape to Roman milestones. They are inscribed on their outside with an itinerary that goes from Gades over land to Rome, including all the 104 stopping points along the way and the distances between them, for a total of 1840 Roman miles.
Interpretation
The finds are believed to have been part of a votive deposit, consisting of dedications made by the sick who sought a cure at the baths, likely to the protective deity of the location, Apollo. The presence of the cups with the inscribed itinerary has raised several questions. They do not seem to have any relationship to the divinity of the location and in fact the route on the cups, which includes the Via Flaminia in Italy, does not include Vicarello, instead passing dozens of kilometers to the east, through Narnia and Ocriculum. One hypothesis is that the cups were dedicated to Apollo as a thank offering for the accomplished trip, by merchants from Gades who traveled to Rome for business. This hypothesis does not explain why these merchants would have preferred the much longer land route to the faster and likely less expensive one by sea. A second hypothesis is that these cups were donated by travelers from Spain to the Roman senatorLucius Junius Caesennius Paetus, a relative of the emperor Domitian who had a villa in the town of Vicarello. These merchants would then later have dedicated the cups to Apollo.
