Vedic chant
The oral tradition of the Vedas consists of several pathas, "recitations" or ways of chanting the Vedic mantras. Such traditions of Vedic chant are often considered the oldest unbroken oral tradition in existence, the fixation of the Vedic texts as preserved dating to roughly the time of Homer.
UNESCO proclaimed the tradition of Vedic chant a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity on November 7, 2008. Wayne Howard noted in the preface of his book, Veda Recitation in Varanasi, "The four Vedas are not 'books' in the usual sense, though within the past hundred years each veda has appeared in several printed editions. They comprise rather tonally accented verses and hypnotic, abstruse melodies whose proper realizations demand oral instead of visual transmission. They are robbed of their essence when transferred to paper, for without the human element the innumerable nuances and fine intonations – inseparable and necessary components of all four compilations – are lost completely. The ultimate authority in Vedic matters is never the printed page but rather the few members – who are today keeping the centuries-old traditions alive."
Tones
Vedic chantings use 4 tones – Udatta उदात्त, Anudaatta अनुदात्त, Svarita स्वरित and Deergha Svarita दीर्घस्वरित. These are usually marked with intuitive svara marks – an underline for lower tone, a small vertical line above the letter for a higher tone and two vertical lines for Deergha Svarita.Pathas
The various pathas or recitation styles are designed to allow the complete and perfect memorization of the text and its pronunciation, including the Vedic pitch accent. Eleven such ways of reciting the Vedas were designed – Samhita, Pada, Krama, Jata, Maalaa, Sikha, Rekha, Dhwaja, Danda, Rathaa, Ghana, of which Ghana is usually considered the most difficult.The students are first taught to memorize the Vedas using simpler methods like continuous recitation, word by word recitation in which compounds are dissolved and krama patha ; before teaching them the eight complex recitation styles.
A pathin is a scholar who has mastered the pathas. Thus, a ghanapaathin has learnt the chanting of the scripture up to the advanced stage of ghana. The Ghanapatha or the "Bell" mode of chanting is so called because the words are repeated back and forth in a bell shape. The sonority natural to Vedic chanting is enhanced in Ghana. In Jatapatha, the words are braided together, so to speak, and recited back and forth.
The samhita, pada and krama pathas can be described as the natural recitation styles or prakrutipathas. The remaining eight modes of chanting are classified as complex recitation styles or Vikrutipathas as they involve reversing of the word order. The backward chanting of words does not alter the meanings in the Vedic language.
Oral transmission
Prodigious energy was expended by ancient Indian culture in ensuring that these texts were transmitted from generation to generation with inordinate fidelity. Many forms of recitation or pathas were designed to aid accuracy in recitation and the transmission of the Vedas and other knowledge texts from one generation to the next. All hymns in each Veda were recited in this way; for example, all 1,028 hymns with 10,600 verses of the Rigveda was preserved in this way. Each text was recited in a number of ways, to ensure that the different methods of recitation acted as a cross check on the other. Pierre-Sylvain Filliozat summarizes this as follows:- Samhita-patha: continuous recitation of Sanskrit words bound by the phonetic rules of euphonic combination;
- Pada-patha: a recitation marked by a conscious pause after every word, and after any special grammatical codes embedded inside the text; this method suppresses euphonic combination and restores each word in its original intended form;
- Krama-patha: a step-by-step recitation where euphonically-combined words are paired successively and sequentially and then recited; for example, a hymn "word1 word2 word3 word4 ...", would be recited as "word1word2 word2word3 word3word4 ..."; this method to verify accuracy is credited to Vedic sages Gargya and Sakalya in the Hindu tradition and mentioned by the ancient Sanskrit grammarian Pāṇini ;
- Krama-patha modified: the same step-by-step recitation as above, but without euphonic-combinations ; this method to verify accuracy is credited to Vedic sages Babhravya and Galava in the Hindu tradition, and is also mentioned by the ancient Sanskrit grammarian Panini;
- ', ' and are methods of recitation of a text and its oral transmission that developed after 5th century BCE, that is after the start of Buddhism and Jainism; these methods use more complicated rules of combination and were less used.
Example of a text with nine words in different patas is set out below below:
| Name | Example | Remarks |
| jaṭā జట ജഠാ | 1 2 2 1 1 2 ~ 2 3 3 2 2 3 ~ 3 4 4 3 3 4 ~ 4 5 5 4 4 5 ~ 5 6 6 5 5 6 ~ 6 7 7 6 6 7 ~ 7 8 8 7 7 8 ~ 8 9 9 8 8 9 ~ 9 _ _ 9 9 _ ~ | I+1 I+2 I+2 I+1 I+1 I+2 |
| mālā మాల മാലാ | 1 2 ~ 2 1 ~ 1 2 ~ 2 3 ~ 3 2 ~ 2 3 ~ 3 4 ~ 4 3 ~ 3 4 ~ 4 5 ~ 5 4 ~ 4 5 ~ 5 6 ~ 6 5 ~ 5 6 ~ 6 7 ~ 7 6 ~ 6 7 ~ 7 8 ~ 8 7 ~ 7 8 ~ 8 9 ~ 9 8 ~ 8 9 ~ 9 _ ~ _ 9 ~ 9 _ ~ | I+1 I+2 ~ I+2 I+1 ~ I+1 I+2 |
| śikhā శిఖ ശിഖാ | 1 2 ~ 2 1 ~ 1 2 3 ~ 2 3 ~ 3 2 ~ 2 3 4 ~ 3 4 ~ 4 3 ~ 3 4 5 ~ 4 5 ~ 5 4 ~ 4 5 6 ~ 5 6 ~ 6 5 ~ 5 6 7 ~ 6 7 ~ 7 6 ~ 6 7 8 ~ 7 8 ~ 8 7 ~ 7 8 9 ~ 8 9 ~ 9 8 ~ 8 9 _ ~ 9 _ ~ _ 9 ~ 9 _ _ ~ | I+1 I+2 ~ I+2 I+1 ~ I+1 I+2 I+3 |
| rekhā రేఖ രേഖാ | 1 2 ~ 2 1 ~ 1 2 ~ 2 3 4 ~ 4 3 2 ~ 2 3 ~ 3 4 5 6 ~ 6 5 4 3 ~ 3 4 ~ 4 5 6 7 8 ~ 8 7 6 5 4 ~ 4 5 ~ 5 6 7 8 9 ~ 9 8 7 6 5 ~ 5 6 ~ 6 7 8 9 ~ 9 8 7 6 ~ 6 7 ~ 7 8 9 ~ 9 8 7 ~ 7 8 ~ 8 9 ~ 9 8 ~ 8 9 ~ 9 ~ 9 ~ 9 _ ~ | I...I+I ~ I+I...I ~ I I+1 |
| dhvaja ధ్వజ ധ്വജ | 1 2 ~ 8 9 ~ 2 3 ~ 7 8 ~ 3 4 ~ 6 7 ~ 4 5 ~ 5 6 ~ 5 6 ~ 4 5 ~ 6 7 ~ 3 4 ~ 7 8 ~ 2 3 ~ 8 9 ~ 1 2 ~ 9 _ ~ _ 1 ~ | I I+1 ~ N-I-1 N-I |
| daṇḍa దండ ദണ്ഡ | 1 2 ~ 2 1 ~ 1 2 ~ 2 3 ~ 3 2 1 ~ 1 2 ~ 2 3 ~ 3 4 ~ 4 3 2 1 ~ 1 2 ~ 2 3 ~ 3 2 ~ 2 3 ~ 3 4 ~ 4 3 2 ~ 2 3 ~ 3 4 ~ 4 5 ~ 5 4 3 2 ~ 2 3 ~ 3 4 ~ 4 3 ~ 3 4 ~ 4 5 ~ 5 4 3 ~ 3 4 ~ 4 5 ~ 5 6 ~ 6 5 4 3 ~ 3 4 ~ 4 5 ~ 5 4 ~ 4 5 ~ 5 6 ~ 6 5 4 ~ 4 5 ~ 5 6 ~ 6 7 ~ 7 6 5 4 ~ 4 5 ~ 5 6 ~ 6 5 ~ 5 6 ~ 6 7 ~ 7 6 5 ~ 5 6 ~ 6 7 ~ 7 8 ~ 8 7 6 5 ~ 5 6 ~ 6 7 ~ 7 6 ~ 6 7 ~ 7 8 ~ 8 7 6 ~ 6 7 ~ 7 8 ~ 8 9 ~ 9 8 7 6 ~ 6 7 ~ 7 8 ~ 8 7 ~ 7 8 ~ 8 9 ~ 9 8 7 ~ 7 8 ~ 8 9 ~ 9 _ ~ _ 9 8 7 ~ 7 8 ~ 8 9 ~ 9 8 ~ 8 9 ~ 9 _ ~ _ 9 8 ~ 8 9 ~ 9 _ ~ _ _ ~ _ _ 9 8 ~ 8 9 ~ 9 _ ~ _ 9 ~ 9 _ ~ _ _ ~ _ _ 9 ~ 9 _ ~ _ _ ~ _ _ ~ _ _ _ 9 ~ 9 _ ~ | I+1 I+2 ~ I+2 I+1 ~ I+1 I+2 ~ I+2 I+3 ~ I+3 I+2 I+1 ~ I+1 I+2 ~ I+2 I+3 ~ I+3 I+4 ~ I+4 I+3 I+2 I+1 ~ I+1 I+2 |
| ratha రధ രഥ | 1 2 ~ 5 6 ~ 2 1 ~ 6 5 ~ 1 2 ~ 5 6 ~ 2 3 ~ 6 7 ~ 3 2 1 ~ 7 6 5 ~ 1 2 ~ 5 6 ~ 2 3 ~ 6 7 ~ 3 4 ~ 7 8 ~ 4 3 2 1 ~ 8 7 6 5 ~ 1 2 ~ 5 6 ~ 2 3 ~ 6 7 ~ 3 4 ~ 7 8 ~ 4 5 ~ 8 9 ~ 5 4 3 2 1 ~ 9 8 7 6 5 ~ 1 2 ~ 5 6 ~ 2 3 ~ 6 7 ~ 3 4 ~ 7 8 ~ 4 5 ~ 8 9 ~ 5 6 ~ 9 _ ~ 6 5 4 3 2 1 ~ 9 8 7 6 5 ~ 1 2 ~ 5 6 ~ 2 3 ~ 6 7 ~ 3 4 ~ 7 8 ~ 4 5 ~ 8 9 ~ 5 6 ~ 9 _ ~ 6 7 ~ _ _ ~ 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ~ 9 8 7 6 5 ~ 1 2 ~ 5 6 ~ 2 3 ~ 6 7 ~ 3 4 ~ 7 8 ~ 4 5 ~ 8 9 ~ 5 6 ~ 9 _ ~ 6 7 ~ _ _ ~ 7 8 ~ _ _ ~ 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ~ 9 8 7 6 5 ~ 1 2 ~ 5 6 ~ 2 3 ~ 6 7 ~ 3 4 ~ 7 8 ~ 4 5 ~ 8 9 ~ 5 6 ~ 9 _ ~ 6 7 ~ _ _ ~ 7 8 ~ _ _ ~ 8 9 ~ _ _ ~ 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ~ 9 8 7 6 5 ~ 1 2 ~ 5 6 ~ 2 3 ~ 6 7 ~ 3 4 ~ 7 8 ~ 4 5 ~ 8 9 ~ 5 6 ~ 9 _ ~ 6 7 ~ _ _ ~ 7 8 ~ _ _ ~ 8 9 ~ _ _ ~ 9 _ ~ _ _ ~ 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ~ 9 8 7 6 5 ~ 1 2 ~ 5 6 ~ 2 3 ~ 6 7 ~ 3 4 ~ 7 8 ~ 4 5 ~ 8 9 ~ 5 6 ~ 9 _ ~ 6 7 ~ _ _ ~ 7 8 ~ _ _ ~ 8 9 ~ _ _ ~ 9 _ ~ _ _ ~ | I I+1 / I+4 I+5 / I+1...1 / I+5... : One Index FOR J 1...I J J+1 / J+4 J+5 : One Index LOOP |
| Ghana ఘన ഘന | 1 2 2 1 1 2 3 3 2 1 1 2 3 ~ 2 3 3 2 2 3 4 4 3 2 2 3 4 ~ 3 4 4 3 3 4 5 5 4 3 3 4 5 ~ 4 5 5 4 4 5 6 6 5 4 4 5 6 ~ 5 6 6 5 5 6 7 7 6 5 5 6 7 ~ 6 7 7 6 6 7 8 8 7 6 6 7 8 ~ 7 8 8 7 7 8 9 9 8 7 7 8 9 ~ 8 9 9 8 8 9 _ _ 9 8 8 9 _ ~ 9 _ _ 9 9 _ _ _ _ 9 9 _ _ ~ | I+1 I+2 I+2 I+1 I+1 I+2 I+3 I+3 I+2 I+1 I+1 I+2 I+3 |
Divine sound
The insistence on preserving pronunciation and accent as accurately as possible is related to the belief that the potency of the mantras lies in their sound when pronounced. The shakhas thus have the purpose of preserving knowledge of uttering divine sound originally cognized by the rishis.Portions of the Vedantic literature elucidate the use of sound as a spiritual tool. They assert that the entire cosmic creation began with sound: "By His utterance came the universe.". The Vedanta-sutras add that ultimate liberation comes from sound as well.
Katyayana likens speech to the supreme Brahman. He uses the Rigvedic verse – "Four are its horns, three its feet, two its heads, and seven its hands, roars loudly the threefold-bound bull, the great god enters mortals", to assert this claim. Katyayana explains that in the verse, the "four horns" are the four kinds of words i.e. nouns, verbs, prepositions, and particles; its "three feet" mean the three tenses, past, present and future; the "two heads" imply the eternal and temporary words, distinguished as the "manifested" and the "manifester"; its "seven hands" are the seven case affixes; "threefold bound" is enclosed in the three organs the chest, the throat, and the head; the metaphor "bull" is used to imply that it gives fruit when used with knowledge; "loudly roars" signifies uttering sound, speech or language; and in "the great god enters mortals" entails that the "great god" speech, enters the mortals. Thus, primal sound is often referred to as Shabda Brahman or "word as The Absolute". Maitri Upanishad states:
Mantras, or sacred sounds, are used to pierce through sensual, mental and intellectual levels of existence for the purpose of purification and spiritual enlightenment. "By sound vibration one becomes liberated".