Vanguard TV-0, also called Vanguard Test Vehicle-Zero, was the first sub-orbital test flight of a Vanguard rocket as part of the Project Vanguard. Project Vanguard was a program managed by the United States Naval Research Laboratory, and designed and built by the Glenn L. Martin Company, which intended to launch the first artificial satellite into Earthorbit using a Vanguard rocket, powered by a basic design for large liquid rockets. as the launch vehicle from Cape Canaveral Missile Annex, Florida. Vanguard TV-0 was a refurbished Viking 13 rocket. Vanguard TV-0 was only a one-stage test flight. It was launched on 8 December 1956 at 01:05 at Cape Canaveral from launch pad18A. A Viking launch stand was shipped from White Sands Missile Range for use at the Cape Canaveral. The one-stage test flight was to prepare for the late launch of the full three-stage Vanguard. One of the goals of the test was to test the new Minitrack transmitter used as part of the tracking systems. Shortly after two minutes after lift off a small telemetryantennas unrolled from the rocket transmitting an oscillator's beep. The beep was picked up at the Air Force Missile Test Center's tracking station. Vanguard TV-0 was very successful, the one-stage rocket achieved an altitude of and a down range of, landing in the Atlantic Ocean. Vanguard TV-0 was followed by Vanguard TV-1. Vanguard TV-1 was a successful two-stage prototype rocket. With Vanguard TV-0 success, the next sub-orbital test flight, Vanguard TV-1, was launched on 1 May 1957.
Background
Vanguard TV-0 success was an important part of the space race. The space race started between United States and the Soviet Union at the end of World War II, as a race began to retrieve as many V-2 rockets and Nazi Germany V-2 staff as possible. Three hundred rail-car loads of V-2 rocket weapons and parts were captured and shipped to the United States, also 126 of the principal designers of the V-2, including Wernher von Braun and Walter Dornberger, went to America. von Braun, his brother Magnus von Braun, and seven others decided to surrender to the United States military in Operation Paperclip to ensure they were not captured by the advancing Soviets or shot dead by the Nazis to prevent their capture. Thus the V-2 program started the space race, the V-2 could not orbit, but could reach a height of 88 km on long range trajectory and up to 206 km if launched vertically. Due to later problems with Vanguard it was not the first rocket to put into orbit an unmanned satellite. The first small-lift launch vehicle was the Sputnik rocket, it put into orbit an unmanned orbital carrier rocket designed by Sergei Korolev in the Soviet Union, derived from the R-7 SemyorkaICBM. On 4 October 1957, the Sputnik rocket was used to perform the world's first satellite launch, placing Sputnik 1 satellite into a low Earth orbit. The USA responded by launching the Vanguard rocket, that was intended to be the first launch vehicle the United States would use to place a satellite into orbit. Instead, the Sputnik crisis caused by the surprise launch of Sputnik 1 led the U.S., after the failure of Vanguard TV-3, to quickly orbit the Explorer 1 satellite using a Juno I rocket launched on 1 February 1958. Thus Vanguard 1 was the second successful U.S. orbital launch. Thus started the space race, that gave the drive to put men on the Moon with the USA's Apollo program.
