Antibodies are usually raised against foreign proteins, such as those made by a replicating virus or invading bacterium. Virus or bacteria with antibodies opsonized or "stuck" to them highlight them to other cells of the immune system for clearance. Antibodies against self proteins are known as autoantibodies, and are not found in healthy individuals. These autoantibodies can be used to detect certain diseases.
C1q
C1q is an integral component within the complement pathway – a complicated cascade of protein interactions, culminating in an immune response against a broad variety of pathogens. The anti-C1q antibodies found in patients with hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis activate C1q, which instigates activation of the entire complement pathway. Consequently, levels of all complement proteins become low.
The complement pathway is composed of several subset pathways: the lectin/mannose pathway, alternative pathway and the classical pathway. All pathways culminate in the production of a C3 convertase, which catalyses C3 into its constitutive parts. In brief, the crucial role of C1q in the pathway is its importance as the first protein to start the complement cascade, and its ability to link the two important arms of the immune system – the innate immune system: a broad defence system; and the adaptive immune system: the strong immune response capable of remembering previous infections, allowing fast response against recurrent infections, meaning that people with a normal immune system don't continually catch the same cold or same strain of flu repeatedly. Case studies of individuals with HUV have also highlighted other potential complicating factors which it seems the anti-C1q antibodies play a role in. This can mean in some cases the deposition of large immune complexes in the kidney which cannot be cleared by the usual cells of the immune system, leading to further complications. This seems to be rare, but can occur when a pre-existing renal condition is apparent. Also, there has been some speculation as to an additional autoantibody against an inhibitor protein named C1-inhibitor. The inhibition of C1-inhibitor leads to over-activation of the complement pathway and one protein that builds up controls angioedema, resulting in excess water building upunder the skin.
Diagnosis
A rare autoimmune disease characterized by recurrent urticaria, first described in the 1970s. There is no defined paradigm for the syndrome aetiology and severity in progression. Diagnosis is confirmed with the identification of at least two conditions from: venulitis on skin biopsy, arthritis, ocular inflammation, abdominal pain or positive C1q antibodies to immune complexes. It is this last category, anti-C1q antibodies, that all HUV patients test positive for. In vitro experiments and mouse models of the disease have not thoroughly determined the link between these antibodies and the disease, even though the link is so pronounced.
Treatment
Unfortunately there are no known specific therapies for HUV. The regime of prescription steroids and other immunosuppressive drugs aims to dampen the body's production of anti-C1q antibodies. However, this again renders the individual immunocompromised.
