The denomination shares the basic tenets of Reform Judaism worldwide: a theistic, personal God; an ongoing revelation, under the influence of which all scripture was written – but not dictated by providence – that enables contemporary Jews to reach new religious insights without necessarily being committed to the conventions of the past; regarding the ethical and moral values of Judaism as its true essence, while ritual and practical observance are means to achieve spiritual elation and not an end to themselves – and therefore, rejecting the binding nature of Jewish law; a belief in the coming of a Messianic era rather than a personal Messiah, and in immortality of the soul only, instead of bodily resurrection. Prayers referring to such concepts were omitted from the liturgy, and traditional practices abolished or altered considerably.
Organisational structure
The highest concentration of progressive congregants are in Australia, where they represent 20% of the nation's affiliated Jewish community. A majority of affiliated Australian Jews join Modern Orthodox congregations, although only about 6% of Australian Jews are practicing Orthodox. Most recently, Conservative Judaism was introduced into Australian Jewish life. The Progressive movement has not expanded rapidly as the main sources of Jewish migrants have a relatively modest tradition of Reform Judaism. According to Dana Evan Kaplan, the establishment of Progressive Jewish Day school has been a factor in maintaining and stabilizing the community's numbers. Progressive Judaism in Australia has traditionally been more conservative in practice than its larger counterpart in the United States where Reform Judaism is the largest Jewish movement in the country.
History
The World Union for Progressive Judaism responded to the burgeoning interest in Progressive Judaism in Australia and supported the development of lay leadership and progressive congregations. A pivotal figure was Ada Phillips who met Lily Montagu and Israel Mattuck in London in 1928. She returned to Melbourne and aroused interest in the movement and thus the WUPJ agreed to finance the salary of an American rabbi. Initial progress was slow as the rabbi's radical inclinations did not win favour among a local Jewish community that valued traditions. The situation changed when the WUPJ sent Herman Sanger, a German refugee and rabbi. Sanger was charismatic, championed Zionism and upheld the religious traditionsJewish German liberalism. Membership also grew as more refugees began to arrive in Melbourne from Germany. Melbourne's Temple Beth Israel introduced egalitarian seating whilst kipah and talit were the custom. The Progressive movement also welcomed converts to Judaism and accepted patrilineal descent, provided the person had received a Jewish education. In 1938, Sanger established Temple Emanuel in Sydney which grew rapidly under the leadership of American Rabbi Max Schenk. Progressive Judaism was established later in smaller urban centres across Australia. A level of tolerance existed between Progressive and Orthodox communities in the nineteen-thirties and forties. This began to diminish in the nineteen-fifties as traditionalist rabbis refused to appear on the same platform as their progressive counterparts.
