Udi language


The Udi language, spoken by the Udi people, is a member of the Lezgic branch of the Northeast Caucasian language family. It is believed an earlier form of it was the main language of Caucasian Albania, which stretched from south Dagestan to current day Azerbaijan. The Old Udi language is also called the Caucasian Albanian language and possibly corresponds to the "Gargarian" language identified by medieval Armenian historians. Modern Udi is known simply as Udi.
The language is spoken by about 4,000 people in the Azerbaijani village of Nij in Qabala rayon, in Oghuz rayon, as well as in parts of the North Caucasus in Russia. It is also spoken by ethnic Udis living in the villages of Debetavan, Bagratashen, Ptghavan, and Haghtanak in Tavush Province of northeastern Armenia and in the village of Zinobiani in the Kvareli Municipality of the Kakheti province of Georgia.
Udi is endangered, classified as "severely endangered" by UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger.

History

The Udi language can most appropriately be broken up into five historical stages:
Early Udiaround 2000 BC - 300 AD
Old Udi300 - 900
Middle Udi900 - 1800
Early Modern Udi1800 - 1920
Modern Udi1920 - present

Soon after the year 700, the Old Udi language had probably ceased to be used for any purpose other than as the liturgical language of the Church of Caucasian Albania.
province and eastern Artsakh in the west to the city of Qəbələ in the east, centered around the province of Utik and the city of Partaw.

Syntax

Old Udi was an ergative–absolutive language.

Morphology

Udi is agglutinating with a tendency towards being fusional. Udi affixes are mostly suffixes or infixes, but there are a few prefixes. Old Udi used mostly suffixes. Most affixes are restricted to specific parts of speech. Some affixes behave as clitics. The word order is SOV.
Udi does not have gender, but has declension classes. Old Udi, however, did reflect grammatical gender within anaphoric pronouns.

Phonology

Vowels

Consonants

Old Udi, unlike modern Udi, did not have the close-mid front rounded vowel /ø/. Old Udi contained an additional series of palatalized consonants.

Alphabet

The Old Udi language used the Caucasian Albanian alphabet. As evidenced by Old Udi documents discovered at Saint Catherine's Monastery in Egypt dating from the 7th century, the Old Udi language used 50 of the 52 letters identified by Armenian scholars in later centuries as having been used in Udi language texts.
In the 1930s, there was an attempt by Soviet authorities to create an Udi alphabet based on the Latin alphabet but its usage ceased after a short time.
In 1974, a Udi alphabet based on the Cyrillic alphabet was compiled by V. L. Gukasyan. The alphabet in his Udi-Azerbaijani-Russian Dictionary is as follows: А а, Аъ аъ, Аь аь, Б б, В в, Г г, Гъ гъ, Гь гь, Д д, Дж дж, ДжӀ джӀ, Дз дз, Е е, Ж ж, ЖӀ жӀ, З з, И и, Й й, К к, Ҝ ҝ, КӀ кӀ, Къ къ, Л л, М м, Н н, О о, Оь оь, П п, ПӀ пӀ, Р р, С с, Т т, ТӀ тӀ, У у, Уь, Уь, Ф ф, Х х, Хъ хъ, Ц ц, Ц' ц', ЦӀ цӀ, Ч ч, Ч' ч', ЧӀ чӀ, Чъ чъ, Ш ш, ШӀ шӀ, Ы ы. This alphabet was also used in the 1996 collection Nana oččal.
In the mid-1990s, a new Latin-based Udi alphabet was created in Azerbaijan. A primer and two collections of works by Georgy Kechaari were published using it and it was also used for educational purposes in the village of Nic. The alphabet is as follows:
A aB bC cÇ çD dE eƏ əF fG gĞ ğH h
X xI ıİ iҜ ҝJ jK kQ qL lM mN nO o
Ö öP pR rS sŞ şT tU uÜ üV vY yZ z
Ц цЦı цıEъ eъTı tıƏъ əъKъ kъPı pıXъ xъŞı şıÖъ öъÇı çı
Çъ çъĆ ćJı jıZı zıUъ uъOъ oъİъ iъDz dz---

In 2007 in Astrakhan, Vladimir Dabakovym published a collection of Udi folklore with a Latin-based alphabet as follows: A a, Ă ă, Ә ә, B b, C c, Ĉ ĉ, Ç ç, Ç' ç', Č č, Ć ć, D d, E e, Ĕ ĕ, F f, G g, Ğ ğ, H h, I ı, İ i, Ĭ ĭ, J j, Ĵ ĵ, K k, K' k', L l, M m, N n, O o, Ö ö, Ŏ ŏ, P p, P' p', Q q, Q' q', R r, S s, Ś ś, S' s', Ŝ ŝ, Ş ş, T t, T' t', U u, Ü ü, Ŭ ŭ, V v, X x, Y y, Z z, Ź ź.
In 2013 in Russia, an Udi primer, Nanay muz, was published with a Cyrillic-based alphabet, a modified version of the one used by V. L. Gukasyan in the Udi-Azerbaijani-Russian Dictionary. The alphabet is as follows:
А аАь аьАъ аъБ бВ вГ гГъ гъГь гьД дДз дзДж дж
Джъ джъЕ еЖ жЖъ жъЗ зИ иИъ иъЙ йК кК' к'Къ къ
Л лМ мН нО оОь оьОъ оъП пП' п'Р рС сТ т
Т' т'У уУь уьУъ уъФ фХ хХъ хъЦ цЦ' ц'Ч чЧъ чъ
Ч' ч'Ч’ъ ч’ъШ шШъ шъЫ ыЭ эЭъ эъЮ юЯ я--

Citations