The ship was laid down by the Bath Iron Works at Bath, Maine, on 16 June 1958, launched on 8 September 1959 by Mrs. R. Homans, sister of Mr. Adams, commissioned on 10 September 1960, and stationed in its homeport of Charleston, South Carolina. Intended as a follow-on to the s, the ship was originally designated as DD-952. Outwardly similar to the Forrest Sherman class, Charles F. Adams was the first U.S. Navy ship designed from the keel up to launch anti-aircraft missiles. To reflect the increased capabilities of the ship and to distinguish her from previous destroyer designs, Charles F. Adams was re-designated DDG-2 prior to the ship's launching. Following commissioning, Charles F. Adams took part in recovery operations for Walter M. Schirra's Mercury 8 mission. While engaged in this operation the Cuban Missile Crisis developed and Charles F. Adams moved to the Caribbean Sea as part of the quarantine forces around the island of Cuba. In July 1969, Charles F. Adams left her homeport of Charleston and relocated to Mayport, Florida. On 19 November 1980 Charles F. Adams under the command of Commander Joseph F. McCarton, sailed with and her battle group to the Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean, during which the ship made a port call to the town of Bunbury, Western Australia from 3-7 February 1981. Charles F. Adams returned home to Mayport on 9 June 1981.
As of September 2008, Charles F. Adams remains at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard on Donation Hold status. She was considered for preservation by the Adams Class Veteran's Association and the Jacksonville Historic Naval Ship Association in Jacksonville, Florida. An application was delivered 31 March 2008. In October 2010, the Jacksonville City Council supported efforts to bring the ship to that city as a museum. The preservation effort will require approximately $300,000 to tow the ship to Jacksonville, $3 million for repairs and restoration of the vessel, and $5 million to construct a pier to moor it. As of late 2013, the preservation groups had raised about $1.4 million. On 27 August 2014 the Jacksonville City Council approved a lease of city-owned riverfront property to the JHNSA and authorized the Downtown Investment Authority to manage the project. The groups expected to have the ship moored downtown on the St. Johns River by the end of 2015. Jacksonville Jaguars owner Shad Khan's proposal to develop the riverfront includes a location for the ship. In December 2018 plans to bring Charles F. Adams to Jacksonville were abandoned in the light of continued reluctance of the Navy to release the ship; the JHNSA believe that the Navy prefer demolition.