Treaty of La Pointe


The Treaty of La Pointe may refer to either of two treaties made and signed in La Pointe, Wisconsin between the United States and the Ojibwe Native American peoples. In addition, the Isle Royale Agreement, an adhesion to the first Treaty of La Pointe, was made at La Pointe.

1842 Treaty of La Pointe

The first treaty of La Pointe was signed by Robert Stuart for the United States and representatives of the Ojibwe Bands of Lake Superior and the Mississippi River on October 4, 1842 and proclaimed on March 23, 1843, encoded into the laws of the United States as. By this treaty, the Ojibwa ceded extensive tracts of land that are now parts of the states of Wisconsin and Michigan, specifically the latter's Upper Peninsula.
The Webster-Ashburton Treaty was signed on August 9, 1842, between Great Britain and the United States, officially ending their boundary dispute on what now is the Arrowhead Region of Minnesota, as well as settling other claims. This news did not reach the United States parties to the La Pointe Treaty negotiation. Consequently, the Grand Portage Band, then considered to be in Canadian British territory, was not invited to join the signing of this treaty. It is now considered to occupy territory in the United States.
In 1844, the United States and Grand Portage Band signed the Isle Royale Agreement as an adhesion to this treaty.
As determined subsequently by the United States Supreme Court, the signatory tribes retain hunting, fishing and gathering rights on their former lands in this region. In addition, the Supreme Court held that the treaty obligated the United States to provide reservations for peoples of the signatory bands. For instance, it acquired land in the 1930s for the Bay Mills Indian Community, whose people had historically long been located on Lake Superior in Michigan.

Signatories

The Ojibwe treaty signatories were:
#LocationRecorded NameName Title
1Crow Wing RiverPo go ne gi shikBagonegiizhig 1st chief
2Crow Wing RiverSon go com ickZoongakamig 2d chief
3Sandy Lake BandKa non do ur uin zoGaa-nandawaawinzo 1st chief
4Sandy Lake BandNa tum e gaw bonNetamigaabawi 2d chief
5Gull LakeUa bo jigWaabojiig 1st chief
6Gull LakePay pe si gon de bayBebiizigindibe 2d chief
7Red Ceder LakeKui ui sen shisGwiiwizhenzhish 1st chief
8Red Ceder LakeOtt taw wanceOdaawaans 2d chief
9PokegamaBai ie jigBayezhig 1st chief
10PokegamaShow ne awZhooniyaa 2d chief
11Wisconsin RiverKi uen ziAkiwenzii 1st chief
12Wisconsin RiverWi aw bis ke kut te wayWayaabishkigoodewe 2d chief
13Lac du Flambeau BandA pish ka go giApishkaagaagi 1st chief
14Lac du Flambeau BandMay tock cus e quayMetaakozige 2d chief
15Lac du Flambeau BandShe maw gon eZhimaagani 2d chief
16Lake BandsKi ji ua be she shiGichi-waabizheshi 1st chief
17Lake BandsKe kon o tumGeganoodam 2d chief
18Fond du Lac BandShin goobZhingob 1st chief
19Fond du Lac BandNa gan nabNaagaanab 2d chief
20Fond du Lac BandMong o zetMaangozid 2d chief
21La Pointe BandGitchi waiskyGichi-weshkiinh 1st chief
22La Pointe BandMi ziMizay 2d chief
23La Pointe BandTa qua gone eDagwagaane 2d chief
24OntonagonO kon di kanOkandikan 1st chief
25OntonagonKis ke taw wacGiishkitawag 2d chief
26L'AnsePe na shiBineshiinh 1st chief
27L'AnseGuck we san sishAkakwijenzhish 2d chief
28Lac Vieux Desert BandKa she osh eGezhiiyaashi 1st chief
29Lac Vieux Desert BandMedge waw gwaw wotBimijiwaagaakwad 2d chief
30Mille Lacs IndiansNe qua ne beNegwanebi 1st chief
31Mille Lacs IndiansUa shash ko kumWazhashkokon 2d chief
32Mille Lacs IndiansNo dinNoodin 2d chief
33St. Croix BandBe zhi kiBizhiki 1st chief
34St. Croix BandKa bi na beGaa-biimabi 2d chief
35St. Croix BandAi aw bensAyaabens 2d chief
36Snake RiverSha go biShák'pí ‡1st chief
37Chippewa RiverUa be she shiWaabizheshi 1st chief
38Chippewa RiverQue way zhan sisGwiiwizhenzhish 2d chief
39Lac Courte Oreilles BandNe na nang ebNenaa'angebi 1st chief
40Lac Courte Oreilles BandBe bo kon uen2d chief
41Lac Courte Oreilles BandKi uen ziAkiwenzii 2d chief

Treaty area boundary adjustments

In Michigan, no boundary adjustments have been made.
In Wisconsin, for regulatory purposes, the southeastern boundaries of the 1842 treaty-area have been adjusted to follow distinct landmarks such as roads and streams. Furthermore, in Wisconsin, with consent of the property-owner and with tribally issued license, all treaty rights of hunting, fishing and gathering may be exercised by the members of the signatory bands.
In Minnesota, no boundary adjustments have been made. The Minnesota Department of Natural Resources have been mainly concerned over hunting regulations as related to this treaty. Minnesota does not acknowledge the 1842 land cession area as giving the tribes privilege over Minnesota's own claim over Lake Superior. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources approved an extension of the 1854 Treaty of La Pointe tribal fishing rights for the Grand Portage Band over a portion of the state's Lake Superior claims.

1844 Isle Royale Agreement

The Isle Royale Agreement is an adhesion to the 1842 Treaty of La Pointe, conducted at La Pointe, Wisconsin Territory on August 20, 1844. Commissioner Robert Stuart again represented the United States. The Grand Portage Band was using the resources on Isle Royale and believed it and they were in British territory. After boundary clarification was settled via the Webster Ashburton Treaty of 1842, the Grand Portage Band signed the Isle Royale Agreement with the United States as a treaty adhesion. The 1842 treaty signatories re-affirmed their treaty.
#Recorded NameName Location
01Wab-ish-gag-gang-eWaabishkaagaagi Lac du Flambeau Band
02She-mang-un-ishZhimaaganish Lac du Flambeau Band
03KnistenoGinishtinoo Lac du Flambeau Band
04Ude-kum-agAdikameg Lac du Flambeau Band
05Now-uj-e-wunNaawajiwan Lac du Flambeau Band
06Medge-wok-gok-wudBimijiwaagaakwad Lac du Flambeau Band
07Ah-mon-seAamoons Lac du Flambeau Band
08San-gan-e-mayLac du Flambeau Band
09Ke-che-wais-keenhGichi-weshkiinh La Pointe Band
10Tug-wug-aun-eDagwagaane La Pointe Band
11Mis-iaMizay La Pointe Band
12Muk-ud-a-be-naseMakade-bines La Pointe Band
13Ke-che-waub-e-sash-eGichi-waabizheshi Pelican Lake
14Nig-gigNigig Pelican Lake
15Osh-kau-bay-wisOshkaabewis Wisconsin River
16Kay-she-aushGezhiiyaashi Lac Vieux Desert Band
17Rim-idj-wang-auk-wadBimijiwaagaakwad Lac Vieux Desert Band
18Bin-ash-eenBineshiinh L'Anse
19Ke-nen-anceL'Anse
20Bug-um-aug-unBagamaagan L'Anse
21Shin-goopZhingob Fond du Lac Band
22Nug-un-ubNaagaanab Fond du Lac Band
23Mon-go-sitMaangozid Fond du Lac Band
24Kah-rum-dum-ah-winsoGaa-nandawaawinzo Sandy Lake Band
25Win-je-ke-shik-ukWenji-giizhigak Sandy Lake Band
26Bug-on-a-ke-shingBagonegiizhig Crow Wing
27Song-uk-um-igZoongakamig Crow Wing
28I-ansh-ow-eke-shikAyaazhawi-giizhig Red Cedar Lake
29Otto-wanceOdaawaans Red Cedar Lake
30Waub-o-geegWaabojiig Gull Lake
31Na-quon-abeNegwanebi Mille Lacs Band
32Be-dudPítad‡ Mille Lacs Band
33No-dinNoodin Mille Lacs Band
34Shin-e-yahZhooniyaa Pokegama
35Boin-anceBwaanens Pokegama
36Kow-e-tas-sySt. Croix Band
37Ah-cab-ayAyaabe St. Croix Band
38Ke-che-no-dinGichi-noodin St. Croix Band
39Gah-be-mah-beGaa-biimabi St. Croix Band
40Waub-e-sash-eWaabizheshi Chippewa River
41Que-we-san-sishGwiiwizhenzhish Chippewa River
42Mah-een-gunMa'iingan Chippewa River
43Ke-wan-seAkiwenzii Lac Courte Oreilles Band
44Ke-che-be-nas-syGichi-binesi Lac Courte Oreilles Band
45Omad-ag-um-eOmadaagamii Lake Chetac
46Nay-nuk-aung-abeNenaa'angebi Lake Chetac
47Ka-kakeGegek Lake Chetac
48Ky-aush-ke-barGayaashkobaa Lake Chetac
49Shag-un-aush-eensZhaaganaashiins Grand Portage Band
50Ad-dik-onsAdikoons Grand Portage Band

‡ Name given in Dakota
The second treaty of La Pointe was signed by Henry C. Gilbert and David B. Herriman for the United States and representatives of the Ojibwe of Lake Superior and the Mississippi on September 30, 1854, proclaimed on January 29, 1855, and codified as. The treaty ceded all of the Lake Superior Ojibwe lands to the United States in the Arrowhead Region of Northeastern Minnesota, in exchange for reservations for the Lake Superior Ojibwe in Wisconsin, Michigan, and Minnesota. The signatory tribes retain hunting, fishing and gathering right within this region. The portions left unceded were given claims to the Mississippi Ojibwe.
The Indian reservations established under this treaty are:
along with general land grants to the Metis.
Mole Lake and St. Croix Bands lost their federal recognition due to not being included in this treaty. Mole Lake Band and St. Croix Band's eastern half in Wisconsin re-gained their federal recognition under the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, but the St. Croix Band's western half in Minnesota are not independently recognized and are considered part of the Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe.

Signatories

The Ojibwe treaty signatories were:
#LocationRecorded NameName Title
1La Pointe BandKe-che-waish-keGichi-weshkiinh 1st chief
2La Pointe BandChay-che-que-ohJechiikwii'o 2d chief
3La Pointe BandA-daw-we-ge-zhickEdawi-giizhig 2d chief
4La Pointe BandO-ske-naw-wayOshkinawe 2d chief
5La Pointe BandMaw-caw-day-pe-nay-seMakade-binesi 2d chief
6La Pointe BandNaw-waw-naw-quotNaawaanakwad headman
7La Pointe BandKe-wain-zeenceAkiwenziins headman
8La Pointe BandWaw-baw-ne-me-keWaabanimikii 2d chief
9La Pointe BandPay-baw-me-sayBebaamise 2d chief
10La Pointe BandNaw-waw-ge-waw-noseNaawajiwanose 2d chief
11La Pointe BandMaw-caw-day-waw-quotMakade-anaakwad 2d chief
12La Pointe BandMe-she-naw-wayMizhinawe 2d chief
13La Pointe BandKey-me-waw-naw-umGimiwana'am headman
14La Pointe BandShe-gogZhigaag headman
15Ontonagon BandO-cun-de-cunOkandikan 1st chief
16Ontonagon BandWaw-say-ge-zhickWaase-giizhig 2d chief
17Ontonagon BandKeesh-ke-taw-wugGiishkitawag headman
18L'Anse BandDavid King1st chief
19L'Anse BandJohn Southwindheadman
20L'Anse BandPeter Marksmanheadman
21L'Anse BandNaw-taw-me-ge-zhickNetamigiizhig 2d chief
22L'Anse BandAw-se-neeceAsiniins headman
23Lac Vieux Desert BandMay-dway-aw-sheMedweyaashi 1st chief
24Lac Vieux Desert BandPosh-quay-ginBashkwegin 2d chief
25Grand Portage BandShaw-gaw-naw-sheenceZhaaganaashiins 1st chief
26Grand Portage BandMay-mosh-caw-woshMemashkawaash headman
27Grand Portage BandAw-de-konseAdikoons 2d chief
28Grand Portage BandWay-we-ge-wamheadman
29Fond du Lac BandShing-goopeZhingob 1st chief
30Fond du Lac BandMawn-go-sitMaangozid 2d chief
31Fond du Lac BandMay-quaw-me-we-ge-zhickMekwamiiwi-giizhig headman
32Fond du Lac BandKeesh-kawkheadman
33Fond du Lac BandCaw-taw-waw-be-dayGaa-dawaabide headman
34Fond du Lac BandO-saw-geeOzaagii headman
35Fond du Lac BandKe-che-aw-ke-wain-zeGichi-akiwenzii headman
36Fond du Lac BandNaw-gaw-nubNaagaanab 2d chief
37Fond du Lac BandAin-ne-maw-sungEnimaasing 2d chief
38Fond du Lac BandNaw-aw-bun-wayheadman
39Fond du Lac BandWain-ge-maw-tubWenji-maadab headman
40Fond du Lac BandAw-ke-wain-zeenceAkiwenziins headman
41Fond du Lac BandShay-way-be-nay-seAzhewe-binesi headman
42Fond du Lac BandPaw-pe-ohBaabii'o headman
43Lac Courte Oreilles BandAw-ke-wain-zeAkiwenzii 1st chief
44Lac Courte Oreilles BandKey-no-zhanceGinoozhens 1st chief
45Lac Courte Oreilles BandKey-che-pe-nay-seGichi-binesi 2d chief
46Lac Courte Oreilles BandKe-che-waw-be-shay-sheGichi-waabizheshi 2d chief
47Lac Courte Oreilles BandWaw-be-shay-sheenceWaabizheshiins headman
48Lac Courte Oreilles BandQuay-quay-cubGwekwekab headman
49Lac Courte Oreilles BandShaw-waw-no-me-tayZhaawano-mide headman
50Lac Courte Oreilles BandNay-naw-ong-gay-beNenaa'angebi 1st chief
51Lac Courte Oreilles BandO-zhaw-waw-sco-ge-zhickOzhaawashko-giizhig 2d chief
52Lac Courte Oreilles BandI-yaw-banseAyaabens 2d chief
53Lac Courte Oreilles BandKe-che-e-nin-neGichi-inini headman
54Lac Courte Oreilles BandHaw-daw-gaw-meNaadagaame headman
55Lac Courte Oreilles BandWay-me-te-go-sheWemitigoozhi headman
56Lac Courte Oreilles BandPay-me-ge-wungBemijiwang headman
57Lac du Flambeau BandAw-mo-seAamoons 1st chief
58Lac du Flambeau BandKe-nish-te-noGinishtinoo 2d chief
59Lac du Flambeau BandMe-gee-seeMigizi 2d chief
60Lac du Flambeau BandKay-kay-co-gwaw-nay-aw-sheGekekogwaneyaashi headman
61Lac du Flambeau BandO-che-chogOjichaag headman
62Lac du Flambeau BandNay-she-kay-gwaw-nay-beNezhikegwanebi headman
63Lac du Flambeau BandO-scaw-bay-wisOshkaabewis 1st chief
64Lac du Flambeau BandQue-we-zanceGwiiwizens 2d chief
65Lac du Flambeau BandNe-gigNigig 2d chief
66Lac du Flambeau BandNay-waw-che-ge-ghick-may-beheadman
67Lac du Flambeau BandQuay-quay-ke-cahGwekwekikaa headman
68Bois Forte BandKay-baish-caw-daw-way1st chief
69Bois Forte BandWay-zaw-we-ge-zhick-way-skingWezaawi-giizhigweshking headman
70Bois Forte BandO-saw-we-pe-nay-sheOzaawi-bineshiinh headman
71Mississippi BandsQue-we-san-seGwiiwizensi head chief
72Mississippi BandsCaw-nawn-daw-waw-win-zoGaa-nandawaawinzo 1st chief
73Mississippi BandsWaw-bow-jiegWaabojiig 2d chief
74Mississippi BandsOt-taw-wawOdaawaa 2d chief
75Mississippi BandsQue-we-zhan-cisGwiiwizhenzhish 2d chief
76Mississippi BandsBye-a-jickBayezhig 2d chief
77Mississippi BandsI-yaw-shaw-way-ge-zhickAyaazhawi-giizhig 2d chief
78Mississippi BandsMaw-caw-dayMakode' 2d chief
79Mississippi BandsKe-way-de-no-go-nay-beGiiwedinogwanebi 2d chief
80Mississippi BandsMe-squaw-daceMiskwaadesi headman
81Mississippi BandsNaw-gaw-ne-gaw-boNaagaanigaabaw headman
82Mississippi BandsWawm-be-de-yeaheadman
83Mississippi BandsWaish-keyWeshki headman
84Mississippi BandsCaw-way-caw-me-ge-skungGaawekamigishkaang headman
85Mississippi BandsMy-yaw-ge-way-we-dunMayaajiiwewidang 2d chief