Treaty of Fond du Lac


The Treaty of Fond du Lac may refer to either of two treaties made and signed in Duluth, Minnesota between the United States and the Ojibwe Native American peoples.

1826 Treaty of Fond du Lac

The first treaty of Fond du Lac was signed by Lewis Cass and Thomas L. McKenney for the United States and representatives of the Ojibwe of Lake Superior and the Mississippi on August 5, 1826, proclaimed on February 7, 1827, and codified in the United States Statutes at Large as. The Ojibwe chiefs who were not in attendance to the First Treaty of Prairie du Chien agreed to its adhesion. The Ojibwe Nations granted to the United States the rights to minerals exploration and mining within Ojibwe lands located north of the Prairie du Chien Line. Provisions were also made for the Ojibwe living about Saint Mary's River. As addenda to this treaty, arrest warrants to certain individuals living outside the jurisdiction of the United States were issued and land grants to the Métis were made.

Signatories

#LocationRecorded nameName
01St. MarysShin-gau-ba Was-sinZhingaabewasin
02St. MarysShe-wau-be-ke-toanZhiiwaabikitoon
03St. MarysWay-ish-kee
04St. MarysShee-gudMiishigaad
05St. Croix BandPee-zhick-eeBizhiki
06St. Croix BandNo-denNoodin
07St. Croix BandNa-gwun-a-beeNegwanebi
08St. Croix BandKau-be-map-paGaa-biimabi
09St. Croix BandChau-co-peeShák'pí
10St. Croix BandJau-beanceyaabens
11St. Croix BandUl-tau-wauOdaawaa
12St. Croix BandMy-een-gun-sheensMa'iinganzhiins
13St. Croix BandMoa-so-mo-neeMáza-máni
14St. Croix BandMuck-u-day peenaasMakade-bines
15St. Croix BandShee-wee-tau-gunZhiiwitaagan
16La Pointe BandPee-xhick-eeBizhiki
17La Pointe BandKee-mee-wunGimiwan
18La Pointe BandKau-bu-zo-way
19La Pointe BandWy-au-wee-nind
20La Pointe BandPee-kwauk-wo-to-an-se-kayBikwaakodowaanzige
21Lac Courte Oreilles BandPay-baum-ik-o-way
22Lac du Flambeau BandGitshee WaubeeshaansGichi-waabizhesh
23Lac du Flambeau BandMoa-zo-neeMoozonii
24Lac du Flambeau BandGit-shee Mi-gee-zeeGichi-migizi
25Lac du Flambeau BandMi-zhau-quotMizhakwad
26OntonagonKeesh-kee-to-wugGiishkitawag
27OntonagonPee-nay-seeBinesi
28OntonagonMau-tau-gu-mee
29OntonagonKwee-wee-zais-ishGwiiwizhenzhish
30Vermilion LakeAt-tick-o-ansAdikoons
31Vermilion LakeGy-ut-shee-in-i-neeGayaachiinh-inini
32Vermilion LakeJauk-wayjaakwe
33Vermilion LakeMad-wag-ku-na-gee-zhig-waab
34Vermilion LakeJau-ko-gee-zhig-waish-kun
35Vermilion LakeNee-zbo-dayNiizhoode′
36Vermilion LakeNun-do-chee-ais
37Vermilion LakeO-gee-mau-gee-gid
38Vermilion LakeAn-nee-mee-keesAnimikiins
39OntonagonKau-waish-kungGaaweshkaang
40OntonagonMau-tau-gu-meeMadaagami
41Snake RiverWay-mit-te-goashWemitigoozh
42Snake RiverIsk-quag-wun-aa-beeIshkwaagwanebi
43Snake RiverMee-gwun-ausMiigwanens
44Lac du Flambeau BandPa-moos-sayBemose
45Lac du Flambeau BandMay-tau-koos-ee-gayMetaakozige
46Rainy LakeAa-nub-kum-ig-ish-kunkAanakamigishkaang
47Sandy Lake BandO-sau-mem-i-keeOzaawinimikii
48Sandy Lake BandGit-shee Way-mir-tee-go-ostGichi-wemitigoozh
49Sandy Lake BandPaa-shu-nin-leelBeshaa-inini
50Sandy Lake BandWau-zhus-ko-kokWazhashkokon
51Sandy Lake BandNit-um-o-gau-bow-eeNetamigaabawi
52Sandy Lake BandWat-tapWadab
53Fond du Lac BandShin-goopZhingob
54Fond du Lac BandMon-e-to-gee-zi-so-ansManidoo-giiziswens
55Fond du Lac BandMong-a-zidMaangozid
56Fond du Lac BandMa-ne-to-gee-zhigManidoo-giizhig
57Fond du Lac BandO-jau-nee-mau-son
58Fond du Lac BandMis-kwau-taisMiskwaades
59Fond du Lac BandNau-bu-nay-ger-zhigNabane-giizhig
60Fond du Lac BandUn-nau-wau-bun-daunAanawaabandan
61Fond du Lac BandPau-tau-bay
62Fond du Lac BandMi-gee-seeMigizi
63OntonagonWaub-ish-kee-pee-naasWaabishki-bines
64OntonagonTweesh-tweesh-kee-wayJwiichwiishkiwenh
65OntonagonKun-de-kundOkandikan
66OntonagonO-guh-bay-au-nuh-quot-way-beeOgabe-aanakwadwebi
67OntonagonPay-bau-mau-singBebaamaasing
68OntonagonKeesh-kee-munGiishkimon
69Crow Wing RiverMau-gu-gau-bo-wie
70Crow Wing RiverPu-dudPítad
71Crow Wing RiverNaug-du-noshNaaganaash
72Crow Wing RiverO-zhus-kuck-oenWazhashkokon
73Crow Wing RiverWaub-o-geeWaabojiig
74Crow Wing RiverSaw-ba-nosh
75Crow Wing RiverKee-way-denGiiwedin
76Crow Wing RiverGit-shee-mee-win-i-nee
77Crow Wing RiverWy-nu-nee
78Crow Wing RiverO-bu-mau-gee-zhig
79Crow Wing RiverPay-bou-mid-gee-wungBebaamijiwang
80Crow Wing RiverMau-gee-gau-bouMaajigaabawi
81Crow Wing RiverPay-bau-mo-gee-zhigBebaamogiizhig
82Crow Wing RiverKau-be-map-paGaa-bimabi
83Crow Wing RiverWay-mit-te-goa-zhuWemitigoozhi
84Crow Wing RiverOn-ju-pe-naasAanji-bines
85Crow Wing RiverMad-way-os-sinMadwewasin

1847 Treaty of Fond du Lac

The second treaty of Fond du Lac was signed by Issac A. Verplank and Henry Mower Rice for the United States and representatives of the Ojibwe of Lake Superior and the Mississippi on August 2, 1847, proclaimed on April 7, 1848, and codified as. This treaty ceded lands in a triangular area west of the Mississippi River, bounded by the Prairie du Chien Line, Mississippi River, Crow Wing River and Long Prairie River.
According to the oral histories of the Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe, representatives from the Ho-Chunk Nation negotiated with the Lake Superior and Mississippi Chippewas before treaty discussions with the United States took place to guarantee the safety of the Ho-Chunk Nation which was about to be displaced from the Neutral Ground with the admission of much of Iowa Territory into the Union as the State of Iowa, in their Treaty of Washington. The Ho-Chunk were supposed to be removed to the land ceded by the two 1847 Ojibwe treaties along the Long Prairie River. Many refused. Some fled to Wisconsin and some to Nebraska. The balance were removed to Minnesota in 1848 and a second removal occurred in 1850 which brought in another portion of the Ho-Chunk to the area. Due to frequent skirmishes by Ojibwe and Dakota bands against one another the Ho-Chunk could not avoid being attacked at times. The Ho-Chunk were unhappy with the land and were eventually relocated to an area near the Blue Earth River in southern Minnesota in 1855. After the Dakota rose up against whites in 1862 and the U.S.-Dakota war caused depopulation of southern Minnesota, many remaining Minnesota citizens were in no mood to allow the Ho-Chunk Nation to remain in the state, despite their neutrality during the hostilities. The Winnebago subsequently ceded their Minnesota lands to the United States per Treaty of Washington for relocation to South Dakota and then Nebraska. Meanwhile, the Ojibwe land ceded in 1847 remained in U.S. government hands and was eventually opened up to white settlement.

Signatories

The signatory headmen were the following:
#LocationRecorded NameName Title
01Trout LakeKe-nesh-te-noGinishtinoo chief
02Lac du Flambeau BandMah-shahMaazhaa 1st warrior
03Red Cedar LakeI-oush-ou-c-ke-shikAyaazhawi-giizhig chief
04Mille Lacs IndiansMah-ko-dahMakode' 1st warrior
05Mille Lacs IndiansPe-tudPítad 1st chief
06Mille Lacs IndiansAunch-e-be-nasAanji-bines 2d warrior
07Red Cedar LakeMish-in-nack-in-ugoMishiinimakinaakoo warrior
08Sandy Lake BandGah-nin-dum-a-win-soGaa-nandawaawinzo 1st chief
09Sandy Lake BandMis-quod-aseMiskwaadesi warrior
10Sandy Lake BandNa-tum-e-gaw-bowNetamigaabaw 2d chief
11Sandy Lake BandI-ah-be-dua-we-dungAyaabidwewidang warrior
12PokegamaBi-a-jigBayezhig 1st chief
13Mississippi Half-breedsJoseph Montre1st chief
14Wm. W. WarrenWilliam W. Warrenwitness/interpreter
15Peter Marksmanwitness/interpreter
16Smith Hoverswitness

Treaty adhesion:
#LocationRecorded NameName Title
01Snake RiverNo-dinNoodin chief
02William A. AitkinWilliam A. Aitkenwitness
03R. B. CarltonReubin B. Carltonwitness

Treaty adhesion approval:
#LocationRecorded NameName Title
01Po-go-ne-gi-shikBagonegiizhig
02William AitkinWilliam A. Aitkenwitness
03D. T. Sloanwitness