The Ford Heights Four were formerly imprisoned convicts, who were falsely accused and convicted of the doublemurder of Lawrence Lionberg and Carol Schmal in Ford Heights, Illinois and later exonerated. Jimerson and Williams were sentenced to death, Adams to 75 years in jail and Rainge to life. Following the murder in 1978, the four spent almost two decades in prison before being released in 1996. This miscarriage of justice was due to false forensic testimony, coercion of a prosecution witness, perjury by another witness who had an incentive to lie, and prosecution and police misconduct. The DNA evidence uncovered in the investigation to clear their names eventually lead to the arrest and conviction of the real killers.
Murder and first trial
On May 11, 1978, 28 year old Lawrence Lionberg and his 23 year old fiancé Carol Schmal were kidnapped. Schmal was raped several times and both were shot in the back of the head. There was a public outcry at the brutal murder. The four suspects were tried in 1978. A witness, Charles McCraney, claimed to have seen Williams, Rainge and Adams near the crime scene area in Ford Heights at the time of the crime. A state expert witness, Michael Podlecki, said that at least one of the rapists was type A secretor blood and Williams and Adams had Type A secretor blood. Podlecki also claimed that hairs from the back of Williams car were consistent with Lionberg and Schmal. No other physical evidence matched the suspects to the crime. A convict, David Jackson, testified that he had overheard Williams and Rainge in jail discussing the murder and rape. The prosecution eliminated all black jurors from the trial. The police did not inform the defense that a witness, Marvin Simpson, heard shots and identified four men running from the murder scene - Arthur Robinson, Juan Rodriguez, Ira and Dennis Johnson. Family members of the Ford Four testified they were elsewhere at the time of the murder. The defendants' lawyer, Archie B. Weston, was ineffective, and was the subject of a legal disciplinary hearing at the time and was later disbarred from being a lawyer for another offense. A witness, Paula Gray,, testified to prosecutors that she had seen the defendants shoot the victims and rape Schmal. However, she withdrew her evidence before the court case and prosecutors charged her with murder and perjury. Williams was sentenced to death, while Adams was sentenced to 75 years, Rainge to life, and Paula Gray to 50 years in 1978. Jimerson could not be charged as McCraney had not mentioned Jimerson in his testimony and Paula Gray had withdrawn her testimony.
Appeals and further trials
On appeal, the Illinois supreme court reversed the convictions of Williams and Rainge in 1982 because the defendants lawyer was incompetent and was the subject of a legal disciplinary hearing. Prosecutors offered Paula Gray a deal to get out of jail if she testified she had seen Jimerson, Williams and Rainge shoot the victims and rape Schmal and she accepted. In 1985 McCraney had changed his evidence to include seeing Jimerson who was sentenced to death. In 1987 Williams was sentenced to death and Rainge to life at a retrial. Paula Gray was released from prison in 1987.
Exoneration
Three female students working under Professor David Protess of the Northwestern UniversityMedill School of Journalism investigated this case and found the Marvin Simpson witness statement testifying to seeing Robinson, Rodriguez, Ira and Dennis Johnson fleeing from the murder scene. Jackson and Paula Gray recanted their evidence. The students also got DNA tests done which showed Jimerson, Williams, Adams and Rainge were innocent and, eventually, that Robinson, Rodriguez, Ira and Dennis Johnson were guilty and three of them confessed and Robinson, Rodriguez and Ira were convicted. The Ford Heights Four were exonerated and freed in 1996. Robinson, Johnson and Rodriguez were sentenced to life in prison. The Ford Heights Four received $36 million in 1999 in civil rights damages from Cook County - the largest settlement in US history at the time. George Ryan the Governor of Illinois, declared a moratorium on the state's death penalty in 2000 citing the Ford Heights Four as one example of men who would have been executed if it had not been for the unpaid work of the Northwestern University journalism professors and students.
