Proto-Tai is the reconstructed common ancestor from which all of the Tai language family is descended, including Tai Daeng. Proto-Tai has been linguistically reconstructed using the comparative method by Fang-Kuei Li in 1977 and by Pittayawat Pittayaporn in 2009. Dating the separations of various branches of the Tai language tree from their ancestral Proto-Tai and their respective evolutions into modern languages is inexact and frequently subject to debate. Pittayaporn's work on the reconstruction of Proto-Tai posits that the split between Proto-Tai and Proto-Southwestern Tai likely occurred during the 8th-10th centuries, citing the presence and development of Chinese loan words in Proto-Southwestern Tai Within the Southwestern Tai language family, internal classification is still a matter of dispute and is complicated by the high degree of linguistic diffusion and convergence present in Mainland Southeast Asia, with even genealogically unrelated languages measuring closely on Dahl's typological distance. However, the spread of the Tai peoples is generally attested to have occurred over millennia as southward movements from China towards the lowlands of MSEA in a shift which produced a commensurate cultural and linguistic change Tai Daeng and several other languages, including Black Tai and White Tai, diverged from Proto-Southwestern Tai with a distinguishing phonological feature documented by James Chamberlain: *ABCD 123-4; B=DL.
Geographic distribution
The number of Tai Daeng speakers is generally estimated at 80,000 native speakers, with an ethnic population of roughly 100,000 located mostly in Vietnam. In China, Tai Daeng people are located in the following townships of Yunnan province, with about 2,000 people. They are referred to by the neighboring Han Chinese, Miao, and Yao peoples as Dry Tai.
All of the Tai language family have their sounds arranged in syllables, with each having an initial consonant or consonant cluster along with a vowel or a diphthong and sometimes ending in a final consonant. Each syllable will also have a tone. Like many in the Tai language family, Tae Daeng may have different tones on free or checked syllables. Free syllables are those which end in a vowel, a nasal or a semivowel while checked syllables are those having a final p, t, k or a glottal stop. Tae Daeng has five tones on free syllables:
1. Rising from middle pitch to high pitch and then leveling off: huu 'ear', taa 'eye'
2. Level and high, slightly lower than the highest point of the first tone: sayegg' faa 'to split'
3. Low rising and glottalized: hay 'to weep' or 'dry field', haa 'five', naŋ 'to sit'
4. Mid with slight and gradual fall: naa 'rice field', cim 'to taste'
5. High falling, glottalized: nɔŋ 'younger sibling', haay 'bad'
The first tone can employ glottalization, but is not mandatory. Tae Daeng has two tones on checked syllables:
2. Level, mid or somewhat higher than mid: lap 'to close ' or 'to harpen', mat 'flea' or 'to tie up in a bundle', bɔɔk 'flower'
3. Low rising: moot'' 'one'. According to Gedney, the nucleus of syllables of this type is always a diphthong or a phonetically long vowel.
Grammar
Morphology
General description of the morphology of the language. The Tai-Kadai language family generally feature minimal level of morphological change, with little modification for case, gender or number, a lack of verb conjugation and little verbal or nominal inflection. Tae Deang frequently employs serial verb construction in which two or more verbs are strung together in one clause.,.
Syntax
Tae Daeng, as with most of the Tai Language family, employ a Subject-Verb-Order word order and because of the lack of inflections upon verbs, syntactical functions are largely derived from word order and prepositions. Particles are highly adaptive and can usually be found at the end of a sentence in order to emphasize, question, command or indicate a level of familiarity or respect.
Writing system
Tai Daeng differs from its close relations White Tai and Black Tai in that while it doesn't feature a writing system of its own, speakers make occasional usage of the Tai Viet script.
