Stretched exponential function
The stretched exponential function
is obtained by inserting a fractional power law into the exponential function.
In most applications, it is meaningful only for arguments t between 0 and +∞. With β = 1, the usual exponential function is recovered. With a stretching exponent β between 0 and 1, the graph of log f versus t is characteristically stretched, hence the name of the function. The compressed exponential function has less practical importance, with the notable exception of β = 2, which gives the normal distribution.
In mathematics, the stretched exponential is also known as the complementary cumulative Weibull distribution. The stretched exponential is also the characteristic function, basically the Fourier transform, of the Lévy symmetric alpha-stable distribution.
In physics, the stretched exponential function is often used as a phenomenological description of relaxation in disordered systems. It was first introduced by Rudolf Kohlrausch in 1854 to describe the discharge of a capacitor;
thus it is also known as the Kohlrausch function. In 1970, G. Williams and D.C. Watts used the Fourier transform of the stretched exponential to describe dielectric spectra of polymers;
in this context, the stretched exponential or its Fourier transform are also called the Kohlrausch–Williams–Watts function.
In phenomenological applications, it is often not clear whether the stretched exponential function should be used to describe the differential or the integral distribution function—or to neither.
In each case one gets the same asymptotic decay, but a different power law prefactor, which makes fits more ambiguous than for simple exponentials. In a few cases
it can be shown that the asymptotic decay is a stretched exponential, but the prefactor is usually an unrelated power.
Mathematical properties
Moments
Following the usual physical interpretation, we interpret the function argument t as time, and fβ is the differential distribution. The area under the curvecan thus be interpreted as a mean relaxation time. One finds
where Γ is the gamma function. For exponential decay, 〈τ〉 = τK is recovered.
The higher moments of the stretched exponential function are
Distribution function
In physics, attempts have been made to explain stretched exponential behaviour as a linear superposition of simple exponential decays. This requires a nontrivial distribution of relaxation times, ρ, which is implicitly defined byAlternatively, a distribution
is used.
ρ can be computed from the series expansion:
For rational values of β, ρ can be calculated in terms of elementary functions. But the expression is in general too complex to be useful except for the case β = 1/2 where
Figure 2 shows the same results plotted in both a linear and a log representation. The curves converge to a Dirac delta function peaked at u = 1 as β approaches 1, corresponding to the simple exponential function.
The moments of the original function can be expressed as The first logarithmic moment of the distribution of simple-exponential relaxation times is where Eu is the Euler constant. Fourier transformTo describe results from spectroscopy or inelastic scattering, the sine or cosine Fourier transform of the stretched exponential is needed. It must be calculated either by numeric integration, or from a series expansion. The series here as well as the one for the distribution function are special cases of the Fox–Wright function. For practical purposes, the Fourier transform may be approximated by the Havriliak–Negami function,though nowadays the numeric computation can be done so efficiently that there is no longer any reason not to use the Kohlrausch–Williams–Watts function in the frequency domain. History and further applicationsAs said in the introduction, the stretched exponential was introduced by the German physicist Rudolf Kohlrausch in 1854 to describe the discharge of a capacitor that used glass as dielectric medium. The next documented usage is by Friedrich Kohlrausch, son of Rudolf, to describe torsional relaxation. A. Werner used it in 1907 to describe complex luminescence decays; Theodor Förster in 1949 as the fluorescence decay law of electronic energy donors.Outside condensed matter physics, the stretched exponential has been used to describe the removal rates of small, stray bodies in the solar system, the diffusion-weighted MRI signal in the brain, and the production from unconventional gas wells. In probability,If the integrated distribution is a stretched exponential, the normalized probability density function is given byNote that confusingly some authors have been known to use the name "stretched exponential" to refer to the Weibull distribution. Modified functionsA modified stretched exponential functionwith a slowly t-dependent exponent β has been used for biological survival curves. |