State Defense Guard (Czechoslovakia)


State Defense Guard was a military service established in 1936 to protect borders of Czechoslovakia.
From 1918 to 1936 border of Czechoslovakia was protected by "finance guard", an armed branch of the Ministry of Finance. Their main task was to carry on customs duty, border protection was secondary. For over decade army and police leadership had suggested to set up an organisation of higher military value. Amid international tensions the new service was established in 1936.
The roles of the defense guard were:
Members of the guard were local gendarmes, existing finance guards and members of state police. Later citizens loyal to Czechoslovakia were incorporated. Plans were created to support the guard with regular army units to handle local conflicts.
Planned size of the service were 38 battalions, but only 31 had been mustered. Their equipment were pistols, rifles, light machine guns and grenades. There was not enough of time to equip the units with heavy machine guns. In case of attack, the guard was to delay the enemy until the army could respond.
Manpower of the guard in September 1938 was 29,611 men.
As the tensions between Czechoslovakia, local Germans and Nazi Germany grew, the guard was deployed on the border during May 1938 and stayed there until end of September, when Sudetenland was ceded to Germany. During September the guard fought low-level warfare against local German partisans and commandos from Germany. After the loss of borderland, SOS moved inland to new positions. The clashes had still occurred but on smaller level.
As a result of First Vienna Award Czechoslovakia was forced to give up territory to Poland and Hungary. While conflicts with Polish forces were minor, clash with Hungarian forces and partisans was more intense. From January to March 1939 heavy clashes occurred between Hungarian forces and guard and the army in Ruthenia. Czechoslovakian units were forced to withdraw in three directions - to Slovakia, Poland and Romania. During March the units also faced local insurgents attempting to establish an independent Ruthenian state.
Estimated warfare losses from May 1938 to April 1939 are 171 dead, 404 injured, over thousand of soldiers taken prisoner and abducted to Germany proper. Losses in Ruthenia are estimated to 40 dead, 120 injured, 17 missing.
On December 21, 1939, the government of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia disbanded remaining parts of the guard. In Slovak State the guard was disbanded a little later. After the war the organisation was not restored. After communist takeover of power in 1948 special branch of the army called Border Guard was tasked with border protection.

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