Sounding rocket
A sounding rocket, sometimes called a research rocket, is an instrument-carrying rocket designed to take measurements and perform scientific experiments during its sub-orbital flight. The rockets are used to carry instruments from 48 to 145 km above the surface of the Earth, the altitude generally between weather balloons and satellites; the maximum altitude for balloons is about 40 km and the minimum for satellites is approximately 121 km. Certain sounding rockets have an apogee between 1,000 and 1,500 km, such as the Black Brant X and XII, which is the maximum apogee of their class. Sounding rockets often use military surplus rocket motors. NASA routinely flies the Terrier Mk 70 boosted Improved Orion, lifting 270–450-kg payloads into the exoatmospheric region between 97 and 201 km.
Etymology
The origin of the term comes from nautical vocabulary to sound, which is to throw a weighted line from a ship into the water to measure the water's depth. The term itself has its etymological roots in the Romance languages word for probe, of which there are nouns "" and "" and verbs like "" which means to do a survey or a poll. Sounding in the rocket context is equivalent to ''taking a measurement'.Design
The basic elements of a sounding rocket are a solid-fuel rocket motor and a science payload. Larger, higher altitude rockets have two to three stages to increase efficiency and payload capability. The freefall part of the flight is an elliptic trajectory with vertical major axis allowing the payload to appear to hover near its apogee. The average flight time is less than 30 minutes; usually between five and 20 minutes. The rocket consumes its fuel on the first stage of the rising part of the flight, then separates and falls away, leaving the payload to complete the arc and return to the ground under a parachute.Advantages
Sounding rockets are advantageous for some research because of their low cost, short lead time and their ability to conduct research in areas inaccessible to either balloons or satellites. They are also used as test beds for equipment that will be used in more expensive and risky orbital spaceflight missions. The smaller size of a sounding rocket also makes launching from temporary sites possible, allowing field studies at remote locations, and even in the middle of the ocean, if fired from a ship.Applications
Meteorology
observations, up to an altitude of 75 km, are done with rocketsondes, a kind of sounding rocket for atmospheric observations that consists of a rocket and radiosonde. The sonde records data on temperature, moisture, wind speed and direction, wind shear, atmospheric pressure, and air density during the flight. Position data may also be recorded.Common meteorological rockets are the Loki and Super Loki, typically a 3.7 m tall and powered by a 10 cm diameter solid fuel rocket engine. The rocket engine separates at an altitude of 1500 m and the rest of the rocketsonde coasts to apogee. This can be set to an altitude of 20 km to 113 km.
Research
Sounding rockets are commonly used for:- Research in aeronomy, the study of the upper atmosphere, which requires this tool for in situ measurements in the upper atmosphere
- Ultraviolet and X-ray astronomy, which require being above the bulk of the Earth's atmosphere
- Microgravity research which benefits from a few minutes of weightlessness on rockets launched to altitudes of a few hundred kilometers
- Remote Sensing of Earth Resources uses sounding rockets to get an essentially instant synoptic view of the geographical area under observation.
Operators and programs
- Andøya Space Center in Norway operates two sounding rocket launch sites, one at Andøya and one at Svalbard. Has launched sounding rockets since 1962.
- Poker Flat Research Range is owned by the University of Alaska Fairbanks.
- The British Skylark rocket was first designed in 1955 and was used for 441 launches before it was terminated in 2005
- ISRO's VSSC developed the Rohini sounding rockets series starting in 1967 that reached altitudes of 500 km
- Delft Aerospace Rocket Engineering from the Delft University of Technology operates the Stratos sounding rocket program, which reached 21.5 km in 2015 and aims to reach 100 km in 2019.
- The Australian Space Research Institute operates a Small Sounding Rocket Program for launching payloads to altitudes of about 7 km
- Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology launched a Sounding Rocket in May, 2012, which reached an altitude of 15 km. Vyom Mk-II is in its conceptual design stage with an objective to reach 70 km altitude with 20 kg payload capacity.
- The University of Queensland operates Terrier-Orion sounding rockets as part of their HyShot hypersonics research
- Iranian Space Agency operated its first sounding rocket in February 2007
- UP Aerospace operates the SpaceLoft XL sounding rocket that can reach altitudes of 225 km
- TEXUS and MiniTEXUS, German rocket programmes at Esrange for DLR and ESA microgravity research programmes
- Astrium operates missions with sounding rockets on a commercial basis, as prime contractor to ESA or the German Aerospace Centre.
- MASER, Swedish rocket programme at Esrange for ESA microgravity research programmes
- MAXUS, German-Swedish rocket programme at Esrange for ESA microgravity research programmes
- Pakistan's SUPARCO launched Rehbar series of sounding rockets from 1962 to 1971.
- REXUS, German-Swedish rocket programme at Esrange for DLR and ESA student experiment programmes
- The NASA Sounding Rocket Program
- The JAXA operates the sounding rockets S-Series: S-310 / S-520 / SS-520.
- United States/New Zealand company Rocket Lab developed the highly adaptable Ātea series of sounding rockets to carry 5–70 kg payloads to altitudes of 250 km or greater
- The Meteor rockets were built in Poland between 1963 and 1974.
- The Kartika I rocket was built and launched in Indonesia by LAPAN on 1964, becoming the third sounding rocket in Asia, after those from Japan and Pakistan.
- The Soviet Union developed an extensive program using rockets such as the M-100, the most used ever; its successor by its successor state, Russia, is the MR-20 and later the MR-30.
- Brazil has been launching its own sounding rockets since 1965. The largest and most current family of rocket are the Sonda rockets, which are the R&D basis for Brazil's soon-to-be-launched VLS satellite launcher.
- The Paulet I rocket was built and launched in Peru by The National Commission for Aerospace Research and Development on 2006, becoming the first sounding rocket of the country and the third rocket in South America, after those from Brazil and Argentina.
- The Experimental Sounding Rocket Association is a non-profit organization based on the United States, operates the Intercollegiate Rocket Engineering Competition since 2006.
- ONERA in France launched a sounding rocket by the name of Titus. It was developed for observation of the total solar eclipse in Argentina on November 12, 1966. The Titus was a two-stage rocket with a length of 11.5 m, a launch weight of 3.4 tons, and a diameter of 56 cm. It reached a maximum height of 270 kilometers. The Titus was launched twice in Las Palmas, Chaco during the eclipse in collaboration with the Argentinian space agency CNIE.
- German Aerospace Center's Mobile Rocket Base designs, builds and operates a variety of sounding rocket types and custom vehicles in support for national and international research programs.
- Interstellar Technologies is a Japanese company that is developing the experimental MOMO sounding rocket.