Savannas languages


The Savannas languages, also known as Gur–Adamawa, is a branch of the Niger–Congo languages that includes Greenberg's Gur and Adamawa–Ubangui families.

History of classification

The Gur–Adamawa link was demonstrated in Kleinewillinghöfer and has been accepted as established by later researchers, who have gone further in noting that the Adamawa and Gur languages themselves do not form coherent groups and are not necessarily more closely related internally than they are to each other.
Bennett had also mentioned a North Central Niger-Congo branch consisting of Gurunsi, "Ubangian", and Trans-Benue groups, with the Trans-Benue group consisting of the Burak-Jen, Yungur, and Tula-Longuda subgroups.
There are several clusters of Adamawa languages; among the Gur languages, only the core of that proposal has been retained, though it is possible that some of the 'peripheral' languages may turn out to be related to each other. Kleinewillinghöfer et al. note that a reconstruction of proto-Central Gur noun classes needs to include several Adamawa families.
Senufo and Fali are excluded from Savannas, as they appear to be some of the more divergent branches of Niger–Congo.
Dimmendaal excludes the Ubangian family from Niger–Congo altogether, stating that it "probably constitutes an independent language family that cannot or can no longer be shown to be related to Niger–Congo," though the Ubangian languages are themselves not a valid group, and the Gbaya branch may turn out to be related to Gur.
Apart from such exceptions, Dimmendaal notes that the Savanna languages "can be shown to be genetically related beyond any reasonable doubt. The evidence is not only lexical in nature, it is based primarily on a range of cognate grammatical morphemes."
Roger Blench considers Gur-Adamawa to be a language continuum rather than an actual coherent branch.
Kleinewillinghöfer notes that many "Adamawa" languages in fact share more similarities with various Gur languages than with other Adamawa languages, and proposes that early Gur-Adamawa speakers had cultivated guinea corn and millet in a wooded savanna environment.

Languages

The Savannas languages, with an agnostic approach to internal classification, are as follows:
The moribund Oblo language was left unclassified within Adamawa, and has not been addressed in Savannas.
Kleinewillinghöfer et al. note that the reconstruction of the noun-class system indicates that Waja and Leko–Nimbari belong with Central Gur, and that the noun-class system they reconstruct for these languages is akin to those of Bantu, Senufo, Tiefo, Vyemo, Tusya, and "Samu".

Güldemann (2018)

Güldemann recognises the following coherent "genealogical units" but is agnostic about their positions within Niger-Congo.
;Gur area
  1. Gur
  2. Kulangoic
  3. Miyobe
  4. Tiefo
  5. Viemo
  6. Tusian
  7. Samuic
  8. Senufo
;Adamawa area
  1. Tula-Waja
  2. Longuda
  3. Bena-Mboi
  4. Bikwin-Jen
  5. Samba-Duru
  6. Mumuyic
  7. Maya
  8. Kebi-Benue
  9. Kimic
  10. Buaic
  11. Day
  12. Baa = Kwa
  13. Nyingwom = Kam
  14. Fali
;Ubangi area
  1. Gbayaic
  2. Zandic
  3. Mbaic
  4. Mundu-Baka
  5. Ngbandic
  6. Bandaic
  7. Ndogoic

    Branches and locations (Nigeria)

Below is a list of major Savannas branches and their primary locations within Nigeria based on Blench.
BranchPrimary locations
Duru Fufore LGA, Adamawa State
LekoAdamawa and Taraba States; Cameroon
MumuyeTaraba State
YendangMayo Belwa and Numan LGAs, Adamawa State
WajaKaltungo and Balanga LGAs, Gombe State
KamBali LGA, Taraba State
BaaNuman LGA, Adamawa State
LakaKarim Lamido LGA, Taraba State and Yola LGA, Adamawa State
JenKarim Lamido LGA, Taraba State
BikwinKarim Lamido LGA, Taraba State
YungurSong and Guyuk LGAs, Adamawa State