In mathematical logic, and particularly in its subfield model theory, a saturated modelM is one that realizes as many complete types as may be "reasonably expected" given its size. For example, an ultrapower model of the hyperreals is -saturated, meaning that every descending nested sequence of internal sets has a nonempty intersection, see Goldblatt.
Definition
Let κ be a finite or infinite cardinal number and M a model in some first-order language. Then M is called κ-saturated if for all subsets A ⊆ M of cardinality less than κ, the model M realizes all complete types over A. The model M is called saturated if it is |M|-saturated where |M| denotes the cardinality of M. That is, it realizes all complete types over sets of parameters of size less than |M|. According to some authors, a model M is called countably saturated if it is -saturated; that is, it realizes all complete types over countable sets of parameters. According to others, it is countably saturated if it is -saturated; i.e. realizes all complete types over finite parameter sets.
Motivation
The seemingly more intuitive notion—that all complete types of the language are realized—turns out to be too weak. The difference lies in the fact that many structures contain elements that are not definable. However, they still form a part of the structure, so we need types to describe relationships with them. Thus we allow sets of parameters from the structure in our definition of types. This argument allows us to discuss specific features of the model that we may otherwise miss—for example, a bound on a specific increasing sequence cn can be expressed as realizing the type which uses countably many parameters. If the sequence is not definable, this fact about the structure cannot be described using the base language, so a weakly saturated structure may not bound the sequence, while an ω-saturated structure will. The reason we only require parameter sets that are strictly smaller than the model is trivial: without this restriction, no infinite model is saturated. Consider a model M, and the type Each finite subset of this type is realized in the model M, so by compactness it is consistent with M, but is trivially not realized. Any definition that is universally unsatisfied is useless; hence the restriction.
Examples
Saturated models exist for certain theories and cardinalities:
—the set of rational numbers with their usual ordering—is saturated. Intuitively, this is because any type consistent with the theory is implied by the order type; that is, the order the variables come in tells you everything there is to know about their role in the structure.
—the set of real numbers with their usual ordering—is not saturated. For example, take the type that contains the formula for every natural numbern, as well as the formula. This type uses ω different parameters from R. Every finite subset of the type is realized on R by some real x, so by compactness the type is consistent with the structure, but it is not realized, as that would imply an upper bound to the sequence −1/n that is less than 0. Thus is not ω1-saturated, and not saturated. However, it is ω-saturated, for essentially the same reason as Q—every finite type is given by the order type, which if consistent, is always realized, because of the density of the order.
The countable random graph, with the only non-logical symbol being the edge existence relation, is also saturated, because any complete type is isolated by the finite subgraph consisting of the variables and parameters used to define the type.
Both the theory ofQ and the theory of the countable random graph can be shown to be ω-categorical through the back-and-forth method. This can be generalized as follows: the unique model of cardinality κ of a countable κ-categorical theory is saturated. However, the statement that every model has a saturated elementary extension is not provable in ZFC. In fact, this statement is equivalent to the existence of a proper class of cardinals κ such that κ<κ = κ. The latter identity implies that either for some λ, or κ is weakly inaccessible.
Relationship to prime models
The notion of saturated model is dual to the notion of prime model in the following way: let T be a countable theory in a first-order language and let P be a prime model of T. Then P admits an elementary embedding into any other model of T. The equivalent notion for saturated models is that any "reasonably small" model of T is elementarily embedded in a saturated model, where "reasonably small" means cardinality no larger than that of the model in which it is to be embedded. Any saturated model is also homogeneous. However, while for countable theories there is a unique prime model, saturated models are necessarily specific to a particular cardinality. Given certain set-theoretic assumptions, saturated models exist for arbitrary theories. For λ-stable theories, saturated models of cardinality λ exist.
