Sales taxes in British Columbia


Sales taxes in British Columbia are consumption taxes levied in the province since the introduction of the Provincial Sales Tax on 1 July 1948, part of the Social Service Tax Act. Sales in the province have also been subject to the federal Goods and Services Tax since its introduction on 1 January 1991.
On 1 July 2010, the PST and GST were combined into the Harmonized Sales Tax levied according to the provisions of the GST. The conversion to HST was controversial. Popular opposition led to a referendum on the tax system, the first such referendum in the Commonwealth of Nations, resulting in the province reverting to the former PST/GST model on 1 April 2013.
The sales taxes levied in the province are the separate 7% PST and 5% GST, as of April 2013.

Provincial Sales Tax (PST)

The former British Columbia Provincial Sales Tax was introduced on July 1, 1948 as part of the Social Service Tax Act.
The tax was initially set at 3%, but later rose to 7%. The PST was collected on most goods and some services.
The main difference between the national Goods and Services Tax and the B.C. PST was its taxable base, since the GST taxation was levied regardless of whether the good or service was for 'final use' or not.

Tax exemptions

When a good or service is not subject to PST, a specific exemption in the legislation isn't needed. Similar to the old PST, the following aren't taxable under the new PST.
The PST revenue was estimated at $5.087 billion for the 2009/2010 fiscal year, from which about $2 billion was paid directly by the business sector. PST revenue accounted for about 13% of the province's total revenues which were budgeted at $38.812 billion.

Harmonized Sales Tax (HST)

The HST was a value added tax that combined a 5% federal portion and a 7% provincial portion into one tax paid on almost all purchases of goods and services. The HST came into effect amidst contention among British Columbians on July 1, 2010. The BC Liberal government announced on July 23, 2009 that it intended to replace the PST by an HST, combining the GST with a provincial tax following the same rules as the GST. Had the HST passed the referendum, the BC Liberals contended that they would have reduced it to 10% in 2014.

Rationale for implementing the HST

The governing Liberals contended that, although PST was a retail tax, the business sector was also subject to a 7% PST on most of its input; business in BC was put at a competitive disadvantage with business in other jurisdictions not subject to similar taxation.
The Liberals argued that transferring this tax to the consumer favoured both exportation and investment in productivity. A federal Conservative government study considered this a more efficient method of taxation; labour-intensive service industries, where inputs are marginal, would be disfavoured.

Changes from the PST

The HST added an additional 7% of sales tax to the following items:
The HST lowered the sales tax on the following items:

PST versus HST revenue

Some believed that the HST would generate significantly more revenue according to the following reasoning: While the PST revenue was estimated at $5.083 billion for 2009/2010, several sources concur to estimate the 5% GST revenue for British Columbia of about $5 billion. This reasoning argued that, since most sales subject to GST would be HST taxable, this revenue could be multiplied by 7%/5% to estimate the gross BC HST revenue. If the taxable base were roughly the same, this would result in approximately $7 billion in BC HST revenue.
This did not take into account the additional transition payment of $1.6 billion provided by the Federal Government, as a consequence of the HST adoption, and collection cost saving estimated at $30 million.
According to BC government's projection, gross BC HST revenue for 2011/12 would be $6.92 billion. After various rebates, the net BC HST revenue would be $5.38 billion, which is $410 million more than the would-be BC PST revenue if there were no reform. The BC government argued that the $410 million difference, however, would be returned to residents through HST-related personal income tax reductions in the forms of BC HST credit and increased basic personal amount. The overall fiscal impact of harmonization on BC households was therefore supposedly neutral.

Possible mitigation measures

In order to be revenue neutral, the BC government had several options:
The Memorandum agreed between the provincial and the federal government gave the former the flexibility to
The Memorandum seemed to prefer the second path by suggesting exemption of motive fuel, children's clothing and footwear, children's car seats, feminine hygiene and books.
In addition, and following the rationale justifying the introduction of the HST, the BC government, following the example of the Ontario government, might choose to reduce other taxes including some claimed by the Fraser Institute to be inefficient in economic terms such as personal income taxes.

Criticism

Rather than decrease the rate of the HST across the board, the Provincial Government chose to favour some special interest group industries, which received some criticism: some noted that all those discretionary exemptions defeated one purpose of the HST, which was tax harmonization, with cost-saving achieved by red-tape reduction.
The HST shift appeared to benefit mostly the capital-intensive multinational industries such as mining and forestry in BC. The government, having chosen to exclude most of the labour-intensive service industry from HST tax relief, appeared to favour the rural BC interior over the urban area ridings. The exemption on automotive fuel was one consequence of this choice. In other words, the tax shift would favour declining legacy industry, representing a declining share of the BC GDP.
However, the government adopted the following policy on goods taxation:
In 2008, BC introduced a carbon tax as part of its effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, which is applied to motor fuels as well as other fuels. Implementation of the carbon tax was controversial as the 2010 BC Budget granted petroleum fuels a 5% reduction from the carbon tax, while imposing the full carbon tax on renewable fuels. While motor fuels are also subject to HST, the province decided upon implementation of the HST that it would rebate the 7% provincial portion of the HST on motor fuels at the time of purchase.
The BC government chose not to reduce the carbon tax and/or other taxes on motor fuels such as transportation infrastructure and transit taxes and then add the HST. This decision meant that businesses which purchase motor fuel to operate their businesses were unable to deduct any of the provincial taxes they pay on motor fuels from the HST they collect on their sales. This outcome is particularly harsh on businesses that had not been required to collect the PST but must use motor fuels to operate their businesses, such as sightseeing and adventure tour businesses.

Tax shift from business to consumers

The HST, in BC, was reported to be a tax shift onto consumers and away from business. The BC government estimated business would pay $1.9 billion less in sales taxes. It claimed that this would boost investment from corporations as their MTR is reduced. The claim is made that this would benefit consumers through more jobs and lower prices.
A report done for the BC Ministry of Finance by University of Calgary economics professor Jack Mintz predicted that moving to the HST would create 11,300 jobs per year, increasing employment income by around $333 million, and result in capital investment of $1.15 billion/year.

Sports and recreation

In 2009/2010, the Government spent $70 million in the promotion of healthy living and sports. Introduction of the HST added a new taxation of 7% for numerous health-friendly activities:
The HST increased the price of heating fuel. The government claimed it planned to provide a tax credit to mitigate this effect.

Housing

Under HST, as it was under GST and PST, renting a home was exempt.
The purchase of an existing home is exempt from the HST, while the purchase of a new home was subject to a GST rebate of 36% if the purchase price was below $350,000, up to a maximum rebate of $8,750. Under the PST, the purchase of a new home was tax exempt. Under the BC HST, up to $200,000 of the provincial part of the HST could be refunded.
Nevertheless, the service of real estate agents and home appraisals became subject to full HST, whereas before they were only subject to GST.
The BC Liberal government argued the change would have little effect on the market:
The government argued that HST effect on new home pricing would be mitigated by suppression of the PST on the construction inputs.

Referendum

On 26 August 2011 Elections BC, the independent electoral overseer, announced that British Columbia voters, via a mail-in ballot, defeated the new tax in the binding referendum conducted in June and July 2011. This was the first binding referendum on taxation in any state/provincial or national jurisdiction in the Commonwealth of Nations. The referendum results were as follows:
Elections BC compiled the vote totals by electoral district; the HST was voted down in 60 of British Columbia's 85 districts. The HST was rejected by local majorities in 27 of the 49 districts held by the governing Liberals, and in 33 of the 36 seats held by the opposition NDP. The HST was approved by local majorities in 22 of the Liberal-held districts, and in three NDP-held districts.
There was considerable local variation in the vote results. The anti-HST vote was highest in Surrey-Green Timbers, where 75.51% voted Yes. The anti-HST vote was lowest in West Vancouver-Sea to Sky, where 39.22% voted Yes.
As of April 2013, the 5% Federal GST and 7% provincial PST are collected separately again.