São Bento Monastery
The Abbey of Our Lady of Montserrat, more commonly known as the Mosteiro de São Bento , is a Benedictine abbey located on the Morro de São Bento in downtown Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The Mannerist style church is a primary example of Portuguese colonial architecture in Rio and the country.
The abbey was founded by Benedictine monks who came from the state of Bahia in 1590. It is still operational today, along with the Colégio de São Bento nearby. The college, established in 1858, is one of the most important traditional educational establishments in Brazil and claims many famous alumni. The abbey includes the Faculdade de São Bento, with courses in theology and philosophy that are recognized by the Ministry of Education. Theological studies at the monastery are also affiliated with the Pontifical Atheneum of St. Anselm in Rome.
History
The history of the abbey began in 1590 when Manoel de Brito and his son Diogo de Brito de Lacerda donated land for its construction in downtown Rio de Janeiro to Pedro Ferraz and João Porcalho, Benedictine monks from Bahia. At the time, the monks were residing in a simple inn next to the Chapel of Nossa Senhora da Conceição near what is now called the Morro de São Bento. Because of this, the monastery adopted Our Lady of the Conception as its patron saint. St. Benedict was later added as an additional patron saint, and namesake, by order of the Junta Geral da Congregação Portuguesa in 1596. In 1602, the then-titled, "Mosteiro de São Bento de Nossa Senhora da Conceição" changed its name to "Mosteiro de Nossa Senhora de Montserrat" in homage to the saint to which the governor of the Captaincy of Rio de Janeiro, Dom Francisco de Souza, was devoted.The financial resources necessary to construct the monastery came from income obtained through the production of sugarcane on the multiple properties controlled by the monks. All charitable donations, these tracts of land extended throughout the Captaincy of Rio de Janeiro, particularly in the regions of Nova Iguaçu and Campos dos Goytacazes. African slaves provided the physical labor required to build the monastery. The stones used in its construction were mined from the Morro da Viúva, in the neighborhood of Flamengo. Portuguese military engineer, Francisco Frias de Mesquita, drew up the plans for the building and oversaw its construction in 1617. The Mannerist style, popular in Portugal at the time, provided the aesthetic inspiration for the structure. Work on the church began in 1633, under the guidance of Abbott Francisco da Magdalena, with a plan to finish in 1671. The original plans were altered during construction by the architect Friar Bernardo de São Bento Correia de Souza to include three naves. The annex of the church was only completed in 1755, with the installation of a convent designed by military engineer José Fernandes Pinto Alpoim.
Architecture
The façade was part of the original Mannerist project and featured a centralized edifice with three archways at the entrance, as well as a triangular gable. Two towers crowned by pyramidal spires flanked the entryway. After passing through the entrance archway, the building houses a tiled porch and iron gates from the nineteenth century.Interior
The interior of the church is ornately covered in gold leaf gilding, a style popularized during the Baroque period of the seventieth century and the Rococo period of the eighteenth century. The first sculptor commissioned for the church was the Portuguese monk, Friar Domingos da Conceição. He designed and sculpted part of the gilding in the nave and the main chapel. Conceição was also responsible for the statues of St. Benedict and St. Scholastica and, in the main altar of the church, Our Lady of Mount Serrat. After 1714, Alexandre Machado Pereira, Simão da Cunha, and José da Conceição e Silva continued the work of Conceição and did the etching in the nave.Between 1789 and 1800, one of the greatest Rococo sculptors in Rio de Janeiro, Inácio Ferreira Pinto, worked in the Mosteiro de São Bento. Pinto re-did the main chapel but preserved the original design details. One feature preserved by Pinto were the tiles depicting the lives of Benedictine saints, which were painted between 1676 and 1684 by German Friar Ricardo do Pilar. The Rococo-styled Chapel of the Holy Sacrament remains one of Pinto's masterpieces. The chandeliers in the chapel were crafted by Master Valentim between 1781 and 1783. A masterpiece by painter Friar Ricardo representing the Lord of Martyrs hangs in the sacristy of the monastery.
Inside the church, there are seven side chapels dedicated to Catholic lay brotherhoods: Chapel of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception, Chapel of St. Lawrence, Chapel of St. Gertrude, Chapel of St. Braz, Chapel of St. Caetano, Chapel of Our Lady of Pilar, and Chapel of St. Amaro. Guided tours are available that explain the artwork, imagery, carvings, and architectural styles featured in the church.
Administration
The abbey was one of the few remaining territorial abbeys in the world until 2003, when it was incorporated into the Archdiocese of St. Sebastian of Rio de Janeiro.The current abbot for the Mosteiro de São Bento in Rio de Janeiro is Dom Filipe da Silva. He was assigned to his post by the Holy See on November 3, 2012 and entered into office on December 1 of the same year. The monastery claims two emeritus abbots: Dom José Palmeiro Mendes, predecessor to da Silva and Dom Roberto Lopes.
Other monks associated with the church include: Dom Anselmo Chagas de Paiva - Dom Basílio Silva - Dom Beda Gonçalves de Andrade Silva - Dom Cipriano Cintra Chagas - Dom Eduardo de Souza Schulz - Dom Emanuel Oliveira de Almeida - Dom Gregório Pereira Lima - Dom Henrique de Gouvêa Coelho - Dom Justino de Almeida Bueno - Dom Matias Fonseca de Medeiros - Dom Paulo Soares de Azevedo Coutinho - Dom Plácido Lopes de Oliveira - Dom João Batista Estevo Ferreira Não sacerdotes: - Irmão Adalberto Chalub - Dom Agostinho de Oliveira Martins - Dom Bento de Aviz - Dom Cassiano Capelli Gastaldi - Irmão Daniel Rodrigues Marques - Dom Gabriel Ferreira da Silva - Dom João Evangelista Martins Afonso de Paiva - Dom Mateus da Rocha - Dom Mauro Victor Murilo Maia Fragoso - Dom Miguel da Silva Vieira - Dom Pascoal de Biase Quintão - Dom Policarpo Nascimento da Luz - Dom Simeão Martins Santos