Four swimmers competed for Russia at the 1912 Games. It was the nation's debut in swimming. None of the Russian swimmers took part in the semifinals of any event; Baimakov had advanced unopposed from the quarterfinals in the 400 metre breaststroke, but did not start in the semifinals. Ranks given for each swimmer are within the heat. ; Men
Athletics
35 athletes competed for Russia. It was the second appearance of the nation in athletics, after having a single marathon runner in 1908. Aleksandr Schultz's 11th-place finish in the decathlon was Russia's best placement. Ranks given are within that athlete's heat for running events.
Cycling
Ten cyclists represented Russia. It was the first appearance of the nation in cycling. Andrejs Apsītis was the only cyclist to finish the time trial, the only race held, placing 60th. Because only Apsītis finished the time trial, the team received no ranking in the four-man team competition.
Road cycling
Diving
A single diver represented Russia. It was Russia's debut in diving. Viktor Baranov, the sole Russian diver, did not finish the competition in the first round of the plain high diving event. Rankings given are within the diver's heat.
Equestrian
; Dressage ; Jumping
Fencing
Twenty-four fencers represented Russia. It was the second appearance of the nation in fencing, which had previously competed in 1900. Because both fencers in 1900 had been professionals, the 1912 team was the first Russian team to feature amateurs. None of the Russian fencers in 1912 advanced to the finals, though four sabrists reached the semifinals.
Football
Quarterfinals Consolation quarterfinals ;Final rank: 9th place
Gymnastics
Four gymnasts represented Russia. It was the debut of the nation in gymnastics. All four of the Russian gymnasts finished in the bottom five. Russia did not send any teams in the team competitions.
Artistic
Modern pentathlon
Russia had five competitors in the first Olympic pentathlon competition. Two of the Russians were among the ten pentathletes to retire early. The others placed 15th, 20th, and 21st among the 22 finishers.
Rowing
One rower represented Russia. It was the nation's first appearance in rowing. Kuusik advanced to the semifinals in the single sculls before being defeated, taking the bronze medal.
Sailing
Seventeen sailors represented Russia. It was the nation's first appearance in sailing. Neither of Russia's eight metre boats were able to score any points, but the nation's ten metre boat finished in the top three of both races; that boat lost the race-off for second place and settled for the bronze medal.
Shooting
Twenty six shooters competed for Russia. It was the first appearance of the nation in shooting. The Russian shooters won a pair of medals—a silver in the team military pistol and Blau's bronze in the trap—in their debut performance in the sport.
Tennis
Two tennis players represented Russia at the 1912 Games. It was the nation's debut in tennis. ; Men
Wrestling
Greco-Roman
Russia was represented by 11 wrestlers at its second Olympic wrestling appearance. Klein was able to match Russia's best performance from 1908, taking the silver medal in the middleweight class. The team went a combined 17-22.
