Rhyme
A rhyme is a repetition of similar sounds in the final stressed syllables and any following syllables of two or more words. Most often, this kind of perfect rhyming is consciously used for effect in the final positions of lines of poems and songs. More broadly, a rhyme may also variously refer to other types of similar sounds near the ends of two or more words. Furthermore, the word rhyme has come to be sometimes used as a shorthand term for any brief poem, such as a rhyming couplet or nursery rhyme.
Etymology
The word derives from Old French rime or ryme, which might be derived from Old Frankish rīm, a Germanic term meaning "series, sequence" attested in Old English and Old High German rīm, ultimately cognate to Old Irish rím, Greek ἀριθμός arithmos "number". Alternatively, the Old French words may derive from Latin rhythmus, from Greek ῥυθμός.The spelling rhyme was introduced at the beginning of the Modern English period from a learned association with Latin rhythmus. The older spelling rime survives in Modern English as a rare alternative spelling; cf. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. A distinction between the spellings is also sometimes made in the study of linguistics and phonology for which rime/rhyme is used to refer to the nucleus and coda of a syllable. Some prefer to spell it rime to separate it from the poetic rhyme covered by this article.
Function of rhyming words
Rhyme partly seems to be enjoyed simply as a repeating pattern that is pleasant to hear. It also serves as a powerful mnemonic device, facilitating memorization. The regular use of tail rhyme helps to mark off the ends of lines, thus clarifying the metrical structure for the listener. As with other poetic techniques, poets use it to suit their own purposes; for example William Shakespeare often used a rhyming couplet to mark off the end of a scene in a play.Types of rhyme
The word rhyme can be used in a specific and a general sense. In the specific sense, two words rhyme if their final stressed vowel and all following sounds are identical; two lines of poetry rhyme if their final strong positions are filled with rhyming words. A rhyme in the strict sense is also called a perfect rhyme. Examples are sight and flight, deign and gain, madness and sadness, love and dove.Perfect rhymes
Perfect rhymes can be classified according to the number of syllables included in the rhyme, which is dictated by the location of the final stressed syllable.- single, also known as masculine: a rhyme in which the stress is on the final syllable of the words
- double, also known as feminine: a rhyme in which the stress is on the penultimate syllable of the words
- dactylic: a rhyme in which the stress is on the antepenultimate syllable
General rhymes
- syllabic: a rhyme in which the last syllable of each word sounds the same but does not necessarily contain stressed vowels.
- imperfect : a rhyme between a stressed and an unstressed syllable.
- weak : a rhyme between two sets of one or more unstressed syllables.
- semirhyme: a rhyme with an extra syllable on one word.
- forced : a rhyme with an imperfect match in sound.
- assonance: matching vowels. Assonance is sometimes referred to as slant rhymes, along with consonance.
- consonance: matching consonants.
- half rhyme : matching final consonants.
- pararhyme: all consonants match.
- alliteration : matching initial consonants.
Identical rhymes
Though homophones and homonyms satisfy the first condition for rhyming—that is, that the stressed vowel sound is the same—they do not satisfy the second: that the preceding consonant be different. As stated above, in a perfect rhyme the last stressed vowel and all following sounds are identical in both words.
If the sound preceding the stressed vowel is also identical, the rhyme is sometimes considered to be inferior and not a perfect rhyme after all. An example of such a super-rhyme or "more than perfect rhyme" is the identical rhyme, in which not only the vowels but also the onsets of the rhyming syllables are identical, as in gun and begun. Punning rhymes, such as bare and bear are also identical rhymes. The rhyme may extend even farther back than the last stressed vowel. If it extends all the way to the beginning of the line, so that there are two lines that sound very similar or identical, it is called a holorhyme.
In poetics these would be considered identity, rather than rhyme.
Eye rhyme
Eye rhymes or sight rhymes or spelling rhymes refer to similarity in spelling but not in sound where the final sounds are spelled identically but pronounced differently. Examples in English are cough, bough, and love, move.Some early written poetry appears to contain these, but in many cases the words used rhymed at the time of writing, and subsequent changes in pronunciation have meant that the rhyme is now lost.
Mind rhyme
Mind rhyme is a kind of substitution rhyme similar to rhyming slang, but it is less generally codified and is “heard” only when generated by a specific verse context. For instance, “this sugar is neat / and tastes so sour.” If a reader or listener thinks of the word “sweet” instead of “sour,” a mind rhyme has occurred.Classification by position
Rhymes may be classified according to their position in the verse:- Tail rhyme is a rhyme in the final syllable of a verse.
- Internal rhyme occurs when a word or phrase in the interior of a line rhymes with a word or phrase at the end of a line, or within a different line.
- Off-centered rhyme is a type of internal rhyme occurring in unexpected places in a given line. This is sometimes called a misplaced-rhyme scheme or a spoken word rhyme style.
- Holorime, mentioned above, occurs when two entire lines have the same sound.
- Broken rhyme is a type of enjambement producing a rhyme by dividing a word at the line break of a poem to make a rhyme with the end word of another line.
- Cross rhyme matches a sound or sounds at the end of a line with the same sound or sounds in the middle of the following line.
History
In many languages, including modern European languages and Arabic, poets use rhyme in set patterns as a structural element for specific poetic forms, such as ballads, sonnets and rhyming couplets. Some rhyming schemes have become associated with a specific language, culture or period, while other rhyming schemes have achieved use across languages, cultures or time periods. However, the use of structural rhyme is not universal even within the European tradition. Much modern poetry avoids traditional rhyme schemes.The earliest surviving evidence of rhyming is the Chinese Shi Jing. Rhyme is also occasionally used in the Bible. Classical Greek and Latin poetry did not usually rhyme, but rhyme was used very occasionally. For instance, Catullus includes partial rhymes in the poem Cui dono lepidum novum libellum. The ancient Greeks knew rhyme, and rhymes in The Wasps by Aristophanes are noted by a translator.
Rhyme is central to classical Arabic poetry tracing back to its 6th century pre-Islamic roots. According to some archaic sources, Irish literature introduced the rhyme to Early Medieval Europe, but that is a disputed claim. In the 7th century, the Irish had brought the art of rhyming verses to a high pitch of perfection. The leonine verse is notable for introducing rhyme into High Medieval literature in the 12th century.
Rhyme entered European poetry in the High Middle Ages, in part under the influence of the Arabic language in Al Andalus. Arabic language poets used rhyme extensively from the first development of literary Arabic in the sixth century, as in their long, rhyming qasidas.
Since dialects vary and languages change over time, lines that rhyme in a given register or era may not rhyme in another, and it may not be clear whether one should pronounce the words so that they rhyme. An example is this couplet from Handel's Judas Maccabaeus:
Rhyme in various languages
Celtic languages
Rhyming in the Celtic Languages takes a drastically different course from most other Western rhyming schemes despite strong contact with the Romance and English patterns. Even today, despite extensive interaction with English and French culture, Celtic rhyme continues to demonstrate native characteristics. Brian Ó Cuív sets out the rules of rhyme in Irish poetry of the classical period: the last stressed vowel and any subsequent long vowels must be identical in order for two words to rhyme. Consonants are grouped into six classes for the purpose of rhyme: they need not be identical, but must belong to the same class. Thus 'b' and 'd' can rhyme, as can 'bh' and 'l' but 'l', a 'voiced continuant', cannot rhyme with 'ph', a 'voiceless continuant'. Furthermore, "for perfect rhyme a palatalized consonant may be balanced only by a palatalized consonant and a velarized consonant by a velarized one." In the post-Classical period, these rules fell into desuetude, and in popular verse simple assonance often suffices, as can be seen in an example of Irish Gaelic rhyme from the traditional song Bríd Óg Ní Mháille:Here the vowels are the same, but the consonants, although both palatalized, do not fall into the same class in the bardic rhyming scheme.
Chinese
Besides the vowel/consonant aspect of rhyming, Chinese rhymes often include tone quality as an integral linguistic factor in determining rhyme.Use of rhyme in Classical Chinese poetry typically but not always appears in the form of paired couplets, with end-rhyming in the final syllable of each couplet.
Another important aspect of rhyme in regard to Chinese language studies is the study or reconstruction of past varieties of Chinese, such as Middle Chinese.
English
is mostly alliterative verse. One of the earliest rhyming poems in English is The Rhyming Poem.As stress is important in English, lexical stress is one of the factors that affects the similarity of sounds for the perception of rhyme. Perfect rhyme can be defined as the case when two words rhyme if their final stressed vowel and all following sounds are identical.
Some words in English, such as "orange" and "silver", are commonly regarded as having no rhyme. Although a clever writer can get around this, it is generally easier to move the word out of rhyming position or replace it with a synonym.A skilled orator might be able to tweak the pronunciation of certain words to facilitate a stronger rhyme
One view of rhyme in English is from John Milton's preface to Paradise Lost:
A more tempered view is taken by W. H. Auden in The Dyer's Hand:
Forced or clumsy rhyme is often a key ingredient of doggerel.
French
In French poetry, unlike in English, it is common to have identical rhymes, in which not only the vowels of the final syllables of the lines rhyme, but their onset consonants as well. To the ear of someone accustomed to English verse, this often sounds like a very weak rhyme. For example, an English perfect rhyme of homophones, flour and flower, would seem weak, whereas a French rhyme of homophones doigt and doit or point and point is not only acceptable but quite common.Rhymes are sometimes classified into the categories of "rime pauvre", "rime suffisante", "rime riche" and "rime richissime", according to the number of rhyming sounds in the two words or in the parts of the two verses. For example, to rhyme "tu" with "vu" would be a poor rhyme, to rhyme "pas" with "bras" a sufficient rhyme, and "tante" with "attente" a rich rhyme. Authorities disagree, however, on exactly where to place the boundaries between the categories.
Holorime is an extreme example of rime richissime spanning an entire verse. Alphonse Allais was a notable exponent of holorime. Here is an example of a holorime couplet from Marc Monnier:
Classical French rhyme not only differs from English rhyme in its different treatment of onset consonants. It also treats coda consonants in a distinctive way.
French spelling includes several final letters that are no longer pronounced, and that in many cases have never been pronounced. Such final unpronounced letters continue to affect rhyme according to the rules of Classical French versification. They are encountered in almost all of the pre-20th-century French verse texts, but these rhyming rules are almost never taken into account from the 20th century.
The most important "silent" letter is the "mute e". In spoken French today, final "e" is, in some regional accents, omitted after consonants; but in Classical French prosody, it was considered an integral part of the rhyme even when following the vowel. "Joue" could rhyme with "boue", but not with "trou". Rhyming words ending with this silent "e" were said to make up a "double rhyme", while words not ending with this silent "e" made up a "single rhyme". It was a principle of stanza-formation that single and double rhymes had to alternate in the stanza. Virtually all 17th-century French plays in verse alternate masculine and feminine Alexandrin couplets.
The now-silent final consonants present a more complex case. They, too, were traditionally an integral part of the rhyme, such that "pont" rhymed with "vont" but not with "long"; but spelling and pronunciation did not coincide exactly—"pont" also rhymed with "rond". There are a few rules that govern most word-final consonants in archaic French pronunciation:
- The distinction between voiced and unvoiced consonants is lost in the final position. Therefore, "d" and "t" rhyme. So too with "g" and "c", "p" and "b", and "s", "x" and "z". Rhymes ending in /z/ are called "plural rhymes" because most plural nouns and adjectives end in "s" or "x".
- Nasal vowels rhyme whether they are spelled with "m" or "n".
- If a word ends in a stop followed by "s", the stop is silent. In the archaic orthography some of these silent stops are omitted from the spelling as well.
German
Some examples of imperfect rhymes :
- Deine Zauber binden wieder / Alle Menschen werden Brüder
- Freude trinken alle Wesen / Alle Guten, alle Bösen
- Einen Freund, geprüft im Tod; / und der Cherub steht vor Gott.
Greek
The first Greek to write rhyming poetry was the fourteenth-century Cretan Stephanos Sachlikis. Rhyme is now a common fixture of Greek poetry.
Hebrew
Ancient Hebrew rarely employed rhyme, e.g. in Exodus 29 35: ועשית לאהרן ולבניו כָּכה, ככל אשר צויתי אֹתָכה. Rhyme became a permanent - even obligatory - feature of poetry in Hebrew language, around the 4th century CE. It is found in the Jewish liturgical poetry written in the Byzantine empire era. This was realized by scholars only recently, thanks to the thousands of piyyuts that have been discovered in the Cairo Geniza. It is assumed that the principle of rhyme was transferred from Hebrew liturgical poetry to the poetry of the Syriac Christianity, and through this mediation introduced into Latin poetry and then into all other languages of Europe.Latin
In Latin rhetoric and poetry homeoteleuton and alliteration were frequently used devices.Tail rhyme was occasionally used, as in this piece of poetry by Cicero:
But tail rhyme was not used as a prominent structural feature of Latin poetry until it was introduced under the influence of local vernacular traditions in the early Middle Ages. This is the Latin hymn Dies Irae:
Medieval poetry may mix Latin and vernacular languages. Mixing languages in verse or rhyming words in different languages is termed macaronic.
Portuguese
classifies rhymes in the following manner:- rima pobre : rhyme between words of the same grammatical category or between very common endings ;
- rima rica : rhyme between words of different grammatical classes or with uncommon endings;
- rima preciosa : rhyme between words with a different morphology, for example estrela with vê-la ;
- rima esdrúxula : rhyme between proparoxytonic words.
Russian
Early 18th-century poetry demanded perfect rhymes that were also grammatical rhymes—namely that noun endings rhymed with noun endings, verb endings with verb endings, and so on. Such rhymes relying on morphological endings become much rarer in modern Russian poetry, and greater use is made of approximate rhymes.
Spanish
Spanish mainly differentiates two types of rhymes:- rima consonante : Those words of the same stress with identical endings, matching consonants and vowels, for example robo and lobo, legua and yegua or canción and montón.
- rima asonante : those words of the same stress that only the vowels identical at the end, for example zapato and brazo, ave and ame, relój and feróz, puerta and ruleta.
- rima llana : the rhyming words are unaccented, for example cama and rama, pereza and moneda or espejo and pienso.
- rima grave : The rhyming words are accented on the last syllable, for example: cartón and limón, jeréz and revéz. Grave words that end in a single same vowel can be asonante rhymes for example compró and llevó, tendré and pediré, perdí and medí.
- rima esdrújula : The rhyming words are accented on the antepenult. For example mácula and báscula, estrépito and intrépido, rápido and pálido.
Polish
The metre of Mickiewicz's sonnet is the Polish alexandrine : 13 and its rhymes are feminine: and .
Arabic
Rhymes were widely spread in the Arabian peninsula around the 6th century, in letters, poems and songs, as well as long, rhyming qasidas. In addition, the Quran uses a form of rhymed prose named saj'.Sanskrit
Patterns of rich rhyme play a role in modern Sanskrit poetry, but only to a minor extent in historical Sanskrit texts. They are classified according to their position within the pada : ādiprāsa, dvitīyākṣara prāsa, antyaprāsa etc.Tamil
There are some unique rhyming schemes in Dravidian languages like Tamil. Specifically, the rhyme called etukai occurs on the second consonant of each line.The other rhyme and related patterns are called mōnai, toṭai and iraṭṭai kiḷavi.
Some classical Tamil poetry forms, such as veṇpā, have rigid grammars for rhyme to the point that they could be expressed as a context-free grammar.
Vietnamese
Rhymes are used in Vietnamese to produce similes. The following is an example of a Rhyming Simile:Nghèo như con mèo
/ŋɛu ɲɯ kɔn mɛu/
"Poor as a cat"
Compare the above Vietnamese example, which is a rhyming simile, to the English phrase " poor as a church mouse", which is only a semantic simile.