Red Book of Westmarch
The Red Book of Westmarch is a fictional manuscript written by hobbits, a conceit of the author J. R. R. Tolkien to explain the source of his fantasy writings.
The book is supposedly a collection of writings in which the events of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings were recounted by their characters, and from which Tolkien supposedly derived these and other works.
In the fiction, the name of the book comes from its red leather binding and casing, and from its having been housed in the Westmarch, a region of Middle-earth next to the Shire.
In reality, Tolkien modelled the name of the fictional artefact on the Red Book of Hergest, in one of his philological jokes.
Fictional development
''There and Back Again''
In The Hobbit, Tolkien writes of the protagonist and title character Bilbo Baggins composing his memoirs. Bilbo thinks of calling his work There and Back Again, A Hobbit's Holiday. In fact the author's preferred title for The Hobbit was The Hobbit or There and Back Again.In The Lord of the Rings, this record is said to be written in his red leather-bound diary. Bilbo says to Gandalf that his intended ending would be him living "happily ever after to the end of his days." This is in fact a rephrased line from the final chapter of The Hobbit, originally conveyed through third-person narrative voice.
''The Downfall of the Lord of the Rings''
Bilbo later expands his memoirs into a record of the events of The Lord of the Rings, including the exploits of his kinsman Frodo Baggins and others. He later leaves the material for Frodo to complete and organize. Frodo writes down the bulk of the final work, using Bilbo's diary and "many pages of loose notes". At the close of Tolkien's main narrative the work is almost complete, and Frodo leaves the task to his gardener Samwise Gamgee.In the last chapter of The Return of the King, Tolkien provides a "title page" for the Red Book of Westmarch inscribed with various titles that had been subsequently rejected; the final title is Frodo's:
What Happened After. THE DOWNFALL OF THE LORD OF THE RINGS AND THE RETURN OF THE KING Together with extracts from Books of Lore translated by Bilbo in Rivendell. |
Translations from the Elvish
Bilbo had translated material from Elvish lore from the Elder Days. This work, Translations from the Elvish, by B.B., comprised three volumes, also bound in red leather. After the defeat of Sauron Bilbo gives these volumes to Frodo. These four volumes were "probably" kept in a single red case.''Red Book''
The volumes then pass into the keeping of Samwise Gamgee, Frodo's servant and later mayor of the Shire. In time, the volumes are left in the care of Sam's eldest daughter, Elanor Fairbairn, and her descendants. A fifth volume containing Hobbit genealogical tables and commentaries is composed and added at an unknown date by unknown hands in Westmarch. This collection of writings is collectively called the Red Book of Westmarch.''Thain's Book''
Tolkien says the original Red Book of Westmarch was not preserved. Several copies, with various notes and later additions, were made. The first copy was made by request of King Elessar of Arnor and Gondor, and was brought to Gondor by Thain Peregrin I, who had been one of Frodo's companions. This copy was known as the Thain's Book and "contained much that was later omitted or lost". In Gondor it underwent much annotation and correction, particularly regarding Elvish languages. Also added was an abbreviated version of The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen by Faramir's grandson Barahir.A copy of a revised and expanded Thain's Book was made probably by request of Peregrin's great-grandson and delivered to the Shire. It was written by the scribe Findegil and stored at the Took residence in Great Smials. Tolkien says this copy was important because it alone contained the whole of Bilbo's Translations from the Elvish.
This version survives until Tolkien's time, and he translates the Red Book from the original languages into English and other representative languages or lects.
Related works
A similar work in some respects was the fictional Yearbook of Tuckborough, the annals of the Took family of hobbits of Tuckborough. It was the oldest known book in the Shire, and was most likely kept at the Great Smials of Tuckborough.It was begun around the year and chronicled events dating from the foundation of the Shire in T.A. 1601 onwards. For comparison, The Lord of the Rings commences in the year T.A. 3001.
The Yearbook recorded births, deaths, marriages, land-sales, and other events in Took history. Much of this information was later included in the Red Book of Westmarch. It was also known as the Great Writ of Tuckborough and the Yellowskin, suggesting that it was bound in yellow leather or some other yellow material.
Tolkien writes of several other historical documents related to the Red Book, but it is unclear whether these were integrated into editions. These works include the Tale of Years and Herblore of the Shire, written by Frodo's contemporary Meriadoc Brandybuck, used for information about pipe-weed.
Relationship to Tolkien's Middle-earth books
As a memoir and history, the contents of the Red Book correspond to Tolkien's work as follows:| Red Book of Westmarch | Tolkien's writings |
| Bilbo's journey | The Hobbit |
| Frodo's journey | The Lord of the Rings |
| Background information | the Appendices to The Lord of the Rings, essays such as those in Unfinished Tales and The History of Middle-earth |
| Hobbit poetry and legends, scattered throughout the margins of the text of Bilbo and Frodo's journeys | The Adventures of Tom Bombadil |
| Bilbo's translation of Elven histories and legends | The Silmarillion |
However, according to Tolkien scholar Vladimir Brljak, readers are probably not intended to imagine Tolkien's published works as direct translations from the fictitious Red Book, but rather as Tolkien's own scholarly and literary adaptations of this supposed source material.
Some events and details concerning Gollum and the magic ring in the first edition of The Hobbit were rewritten for The Lord of the Rings. The Hobbit was later revised for consistency. Tolkien explains the discrepancies as Bilbo's lies.
Tolkien said that the original version of the Red Book contained the story of Bilbo's journey from the first edition of the Hobbit. Beginning with the Thain's Book, later copies of the Red Book contained, as an alternative, the true account. Tolkien says neither hobbit seemed willing "to delete anything actually written by the old hobbit himself."
Inspirations
Tolkien's inspiration for this repository of lore was the real Red Book of Hergest, the early 15th century compilation of Welsh history and poetry that contains the manuscript of the Mabinogion. His use of such a similar name for what commentators have called his mythology for England was "a small scholarly joke". Bound in red leather, in the Bodleian Library, Oxford, the manuscript was well known to Tolkien.| Tolkien | Lady Charlotte Guest | |
| Role | Ostensibly translating Hobbit manuscripts from Westron | Translating medieval Welsh stories from manuscripts |
| Title | The Red Book of Westmarch | The Red Book of Hergest |
| Content | A mythology for England | The Mabinogion, a mythology for Wales |
Literary criticism
The title There and Back Again represents an archetypal Hobbit outlook on adventures. Frodo looks upon the going "there and back again" as an ideal throughout The Lord of the Rings similar to the Greek concept of νόστος.Tolkien's Red Book, pastiche of scholarship though it is, functions as such a medieval 'spurious source', but the 'authority' it imparts is by an appeal not to the tried-and-true but to the modern mystique of 'scholarly research'.
Adaptations
In Peter Jackson's ', There and Back Again provided the basis for the voiceover for the scene "Concerning Hobbits", greatly extended in the Special Extended Edition. Bilbo's writing of it provides his motive for wanting privacy in the film, substituting for a more complicated situation in the novel.Bilbo only says his line about his intended "happy ending" after he gives up the One Ring. The exchange is tweaked to symbolize the great weight of the ring having been removed from Bilbo's character — he is now free to choose his own 'ending'.
There and Back Again is subtitled A Hobbit's Tale rather than A Hobbit's Holiday.
The Red Book in full appears at the end of '. Frodo's title is just The Lord of the Rings instead of The Downfall of the Lord of the Rings and the Return of the King.
In 1974, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt published an edition of The Lord of the Rings containing all three parts in one volume, bound in red imitation leather.