R44 (New York City Subway car)
The R44 is a New York City Subway car model built by the St. Louis Car Company from 1971 to 1973 for the B Division and the Staten Island Railway. The cars replaced many R1-R9 series cars and all remaining 1925 Standard Steel built SIRTOA ME-1 trains, providing Staten Island with a new fleet of railcars. The R44 fleet originally consisted of 352 cars, of which 61 remain in service, all on the Staten Island Railway.
The first R44 cars entered service on the subway on April 19, 1972 and on the Staten Island Railway on February 28, 1973. Various modifications were made over the years to the R44 fleet. The R44s set the world speed record for a subway car in 1972, reaching a top speed of. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the R44 cars were rebuilt by Morrison Knudsen or the New York City Transit Authority. Though the R160 order replaced all New York City Subway-operated R44s in the early 2010s because of structural integrity issues found on them, the Staten Island Railway fleet remains in operation and are to be replaced by the R211 order in the early 2020s.
Description
A total of 352 R44 cars were ordered; 300 cars for the New York City Subway and 52 cars for the Staten Island Railway.The R44s originally came in singles, but needed each other to run, much like the "married pairs" of subway cars before them. The NYCT cars were reassembled after overhaul into ABBA sets of four; A cars are evenly numbered with a full-width operator cabs at the number 1 end, while the B cars have odd numbers and no cabs at either end. The SIR cars were never reassembled after overhaul and remain set up as singles.
The R44s were also factory equipped with automatic train operation equipment, in anticipation for their use on the new Second Avenue Subway Line that was being built at the time.
Since September 16, 2010, all NYCT R44 cars have been retired and replaced by the R160s due to structural integrity issues found on those cars, leaving the SIR as the sole operator of the R44. Currently, 61 SIR R44 cars remain in service and are maintained at Clifton Yard, with heavier maintenance being performed at Coney Island Yard.
Firsts
The R44 was the first car for the New York City Subway. The cars were introduced under the idea that a train of eight cars would be more efficient than one of ten cars. Despite the increase in length, the R44s had eight pairs of doors per car like other B Division cars. As a result, eight cars have only 64 pairs whereas ten cars have 80. The reduced number of doors on a train of eight 75-foot cars increased boarding and dwell times, so recent car orders have returned to ten 60-foot cars, starting with the R143.The interior design was very different from previous models. The R44s had orange and yellow plastic bucket seats--a feature which would be incorporated into the other 75-foot B-division cars and the A-division R62s and R62As. The seats were protected from the doorways by faux wood and glass panels. They were also the first car class delivered with cross wise seating since the R16 order from 1954. The walls were tan with "wallpaper" featuring the seals of New York State and New York City made from graffiti resistant Formica plastics. The new interior decor was carried over to the R46 fleet.
The R44 was the first car since the BMT Green Hornet to incorporate a two-note warning tone, the first two notes of Westminster Quarters, that sounds before the doors begin to close as the train prepares to leave the station. When the cars were built, the chime was sounded four seconds before the doors closed, but the time delay was later removed. This has become the signature sound of the subway and is used with all subsequent cars.
The R44s were also the first NYCT subway cars to feature a newly designed WABCO-RT5 electronically and pneumatically controlled braking system also known as the P-Wire system, which did not fare well with this fleet of cars, since most of the shop personnel were not adequately trained to deal with the P-Wire braking system's sophisticated fail/safe design for automatic train operation. The system would sometimes trigger the train's emergency braking system unexpectedly, which caused a situation known as stuck brakes. This P-Wire system, along with all of the automation systems installed when these cars were built in 1972, was removed from the R44s beginning in 1984, and was replaced by a more conventional Westcode SMEE type braking system which made these cars much more reliable than with the originally installed system. The SIR cars had the same system, but fared much better than the NYCT cars.
The rollsigns from eight R44s were removed and replaced by experimental flip-dot signs starting in 1988, the same year the New Technology Program began. These experimental flip-dots signs were replaced by electronic LCD signs on the sides and roll signs on the front during the General Overhaul Program between 1991 and 1993.
The R44s set the world speed record for a subway car. On January 31, 1972, a consist reached a speed of on the Long Island Rail Road's main line between Woodside and Jamaica. With two motors per car disabled, the car still reached. The cars were capable of attaining even higher speeds, but the length of the test track was insufficient to allow further acceleration. The R44s were built to reach such high speeds because it was anticipated that the cars would run along the Second Avenue Subway, which never opened while the cars were in subway service.
History
Pre-introduction
To ensure the subway could accommodate cars, two retired R1 cars were cut in half, lengthened to and sent to various places around the subway and the Staten Island Railway.It was determined that particular segments on the BMT Eastern Division would be too difficult to convert to allow cars to operate safely, so the R44s were not delivered to those lines.
Delivery and early mishaps
After many months of exhaustive testing on the,,, and , as well as on the LIRR to test the cars' state-of-the-art electrical and mechanical systems, the first set of R44s was placed in service on the New York City Subway on the in April 19, 1972, following a brief introductory ceremony attended by the Mayor of New York City John V. Lindsay, along with MTA Chairman William J. Ronan at the Jamaica – 179th Street station. The Staten Island R44s were delivered between January and April 1973. The first six Staten Island R44s went into service on February 28, 1973. With the completion of the R44 order and the similar State of the Art Car, the St. Louis Car Company shut down operations.An eight-car train was tested in 1973 with carpeting, and another was tested with hydraulic brakes that were incompatible with the rest of the R44s' braking systems. In 1979, seven of the eight cars had these systems removed and replaced with conventional air brakes, while the last car was permanently removed from service.
GE cars 388–399 were not converted to Westcode SMEE, and were eventually sent to the Staten Island Railway in 1985 to provide SIRTOA with some extra cars since ridership increased significantly in 1985, so their existing 52-car fleet would not be overly taxed.
In 1983, organizations for the blind stated that the gaps in between R44 and R46 cars were dangerous, since the blind could mistake the spaces for doorways.
Nine NYCT R44s were involved in various listed incidents that led to their premature retirements before the General Overhaul Program program for the R44s commenced. These cars, along with car 385, were not overhauled during the GOH program; they were instead stored on the system and stripped of parts until March 2001, when they were shipped off property and scrapped.
General Overhaul Program and post-overhaul
During the General Overhaul Program, from 1991 to 1993, 342 R44s were rebuilt by the NYCT either at the 207th Street Yard in Manhattan or the Coney Island Complex in Brooklyn and by Morrison-Knudsen off NYCTA premises. Some improvements included the repainting of the carbon steel blue stripes into silver gray stripes or the replacement of the stripes with stainless steel panels. The rollsigns on the sides were replaced with electronic LCD signs on the NYCT cars and were completely removed on the SIR cars. The SIR R44s, however, retained their original two-note warning tones from their entry into service, unlike their NYCT counterparts, which had their warning tones replaced with the same ones that are found on the R62s, R62As, R68s and R68As.Even after the GOH program, several NYCT R44s were retired due to various mishaps. Cars 5319 and 5402 were retired after separate fire-related incidents. Cars 5282–5285 were involved in a derailment north of 135th Street, resulting in the whole set being placed out of service; however, 5284 was later repaired using parts from other cars and returned to service. Car 5248 was taken out of service in 2004 due to cracked truck bolsters. Although 5282 and 5319 were completely destroyed and subsequently scrapped in the late 1990s, car 5284 was eventually repaired and returned to service; however, the other damaged cars were stored out of service for parts until they were scrapped in 2013 with the rest of the NYCT cars.
All SIR cars were overhauled for a second time between 2007 and 2010 as a part of scheduled maintenance program. Several improvements included the repainting of the bulkheads, rebuilt trucks, new dark floors, new periwinkle bucket seats, and updated logos; unlike the NYCT cars, the SIR cars retained their original blue "M" MTA decals during their first overhaul. The cars have been undergoing further intermittent rounds of scheduled maintenance as their parts age over time.
Retirement
NYCT cars
The NYCT R44s were originally planned to be retired by the R179 order. In late 2009, however, New York City Transit found various structural integrity issues on their fleet of R44s, which resulted in the decision to retire them with the remainder of the R160 order in place of the remaining R32s and R42s, which were being replaced with the R160 order at the time. The NYCT R44s were gradually phased out from early 2010 until September 16, 2010, when the last train made its final trips on the and. Afterwards, the NYCT R44s were mothballed and placed into storage system-wide. Finally, from May 2012 until summer 2013, most of the NYCT R44s were scrapped at Sims Metal Management. The only car not slated for disposition is car 5240, which has since been preserved and set aside for on-and-off display at the New York Transit Museum.Staten Island Railway cars
Like the NYCT cars, the SIR R44s were originally planned to be retired by the R179 order; however, these plans were dropped. Proposals to overhaul and operate some R46s on the SIR to replace the R44s there surfaced instead; however, this plan was also dropped. Currently, 75 R211S cars are planned to replace the SIR R44s in 2022–2023.In the meantime, the SIR R44s are receiving intermittent rounds of scheduled maintenance to extend their usefulness until retirement. Out of the 64 SIR cars, 61 remain in service. On December 26, 2008, car 402 was pulled from service after being badly damaged from accidentally hitting a bumper block at the Tottenville station. It was stored at the 207th Street Yard and stripped of parts for the other 63 SIR cars; by 2013, it was scrapped. In 2015, :File:MTA Staten Island Railway R44 466.jpg|car 466 was taken out of service for unknown reasons and has since been stripped of parts. In 2017, car 399 was also taken out of service for unknown reasons and stripped of parts.