Queen Elizabeth Islands


The Queen Elizabeth Islands are the northernmost cluster of islands in Canada's Arctic Archipelago, split between Nunavut and the Northwest Territories in Northern Canada. The Queen Elizabeth Islands contain approximately 14% of the global glacier and ice cap area..

Geography

The islands, together in area, were renamed as a group after Elizabeth II on her coronation as Queen of Canada in 1953. The islands cover an area approximating to the shape of a right triangle, bounded by the Nares Strait on the east, Parry Channel on the south and the Arctic Ocean to the north and west. Most are uninhabited although the Natural Resources Canada's Climate Change Geoscience Program Earth Sciences Sector, has monitors on the islands. In 1969 Panarctic Oils, now part of Suncor Energy began operating exploration oil wells in the Franklinian and Sverdrup basins and planned on establishing its resource base in the Queen Elizabeth Islands. It ceased production in the 1970s. At the 2013 GeoConvention the Arctic Islands region were called Canada's perpetual "last petroleum exploration frontier". Hogg and Enachescu argued that the development and implementation of advanced marine and land seismic technologies in Alaska, Northern Europe and Siberia could be modified for use in the Queen Elizabeth Islands.
First sighted by Europeans in 1616, the Queen Elizabeth Islands were not fully explored and charted until the British Northwest Passage expeditions and later Norwegian exploration of the 19th century.
These islands were known as the Parry Archipelago for over 130 years. They were first named after British Arctic explorer Sir William Parry, who sailed there in 1820, aboard the Hecla. Since the renaming of the archipelago in 1953, the term Parry Islands continued to be used for its southwestern part. The regional break down of the archipelago is therefore as follows:
Ellesmere Island is the northernmost and by far the largest. The Sverdrup Islands are located west of Ellesmere Island and north of Norwegian Bay. The remaining islands further south and west, but north of the Parry Channel , have been carrying the name Parry Islands, which name until 1953 had also included the Sverdrup Islands and Ellesmere Island. South of Lancaster Sound, Viscount Melville Sound and M'Clure Strait are the remaining islands of the Arctic Archipelago.

Major islands

Many of the islands are among the largest in the world, the largest being Ellesmere Island. Other major islands include Amund Ringnes Island, Axel Heiberg Island, Bathurst Island, Borden Island, Cornwall Island, Cornwallis Island, Devon Island, Eglinton Island, Ellef Ringnes Island, Mackenzie King Island, Melville Island, and Prince Patrick Island.

Smaller islands

Other smaller but notable islands include; Beechey Island, which held the graves of Petty Officer John Torrington, Royal Marine Private William Braine, and Able Seaman John Hartnell, three members of Sir John Franklin's crew who took part in his lost expedition, Hans Island, a small, uninhabited barren knoll measuring whose ownership is disputed by Canada and Denmark, the Cheyne Islands, three small islands that are Important Bird Area and a Key Migratory Bird Terrestrial Habitat site and Skraeling Island an important archaeological site where Inuit and Norse artifacts have been found. They consist of Silurian and Carboniferous rocks covered with tundra.

Population

With a population of less than 400, the islands are nearly uninhabited. There are only three permanently inhabited places in the islands. The two municipalities are the hamlets of Resolute, on Cornwallis Island, and Grise Fiord, on Ellesmere Island. Alert, is a weather station staffed by Environment and Climate Change Canada, a Global Atmosphere Watch atmosphere monitoring laboratory on Ellesmere Island and has several temporary inhabitants due to the co-located CFS Alert. Eureka, a small research base on Ellesmere Island, has a population of zero but at least 8 staff on a continuous rotational basis.
NameImageTypeIslandPopulationEstablishedCoordinatesNotes
AlertWeather station, Canadian Forces base, airport Ellesmere51950

Alexandra Fiordscientific research stationEllesmere01953
Camp HazenWarden stationEllesmere01957
Craig HarbourRoyal Canadian Mounted Police detachmentEllesmere01922
Dundas HarbourOutpost, RCMP detachmentDevon0
  • established in 1924 to create a government presence to curb foreign whaling and other activity in the area
EurekaWeather station, research station, aerodrome Ellesmere01947
  • Was founded in 1947 as part of a requirement to set up a network of Arctic weather stations
  • May have up to eight people on a rotating basis
Flashline Mars Arctic Research StationResearch stationDevon01999
  • The structures were built in 2000
Fort CongerResearch stationEllesmere01883
  • Established in 1881 but abandoned several decades later
Grise FiordHamlet, airport Ellesmere1291953
  • Grise Fiord is the northernmost civilian settlement in Canada
  • Created as part of the High Arctic relocation
    • IsachsenWeather station, research stationEllef Ringnes01948
  • An Automated Surface Observing System was placed at the site in 1989, linked by satellite communications to southern Canada
    • McGill Arctic Research StationResearch stationAxel Heiberg01959
  • Owned by McGill University
    • Mould BayWeather stationPrince Patrick01948
  • Former Environment and Climate Change Canada weather station
  • Still Occasionally visited by members of the Canadian Armed Forces
    • ResoluteHamlet, airport Cornwallis2291947
    • Created as part of the High Arctic relocation
    • Most populous settlement in the Queen Elizabeth Islands
    • The community is second most northernmost public community in Canada, only behind Grise Fiord
    Formerly manned stations were Mould Bay on Prince Patrick Island, Isachsen on Ellef Ringnes Island, and Fort Conger on Ellesmere Island.
    Abandoned settlements are Dundas Harbour on Devon Island and Craig Harbour on Ellesmere Island.

    Administration

    Until 1999, the Queen Elizabeth Islands were part of the Baffin Region of the Northwest Territories.
    With the creation of Nunavut in 1999 all islands and fractions of islands of the archipelago east of the 110th meridian west became part of the Qikiqtaaluk Region of the new territory, which was the major portion of the archipelago. The rest remained with the now-reduced Northwest Territories. Borden Island, Mackenzie King Island and Melville Island were divided between the two territories.
    Prince Patrick Island, Eglinton Island and Emerald Island are the only notable islands that are now completely part of the Northwest Territories.
    Below the level of the territory, there is the municipal level of administration. On that level, there are only two municipalities, Resolute and Grise Fiord, with an aggregate area of , but with most of the population of the archipelago. The remaining 99.89 percent are unincorporated area, with a census 2006 population of five, all in Alert.

    Overview of the islands

    According to the Atlas of Canada there are 34 larger and 2,092 smaller islands in the archipelago. With the exception of Ellesmere Island, they fall into two groups, the Sverdrup Islands and the Parry Islands:
    Islandsub-
    group    		TerritoryPeakHeight
    m    		Height
    ft    		Area
    km²    		Area
    sq mi    		Rank
    Canada    		Rank
    World    		Coordinates
    AlexanderParryNUaverage elevationalign="right" align="right" 66 --
    Amund RingnesSverdrupNUridgealign="right" align="right" 25111--
    Axel HeibergSverdrupNUOutlook Peakalign="right" align="right" 732--
    Baillie-Hamilton IslandParryNU align="right" align="right" 91 --
    BathurstParryNUStokes Mountainalign="right" align="right" 1354--
    BordenParryNU/NT align="right" align="right" 30170--
    BrockParryNT align="right" align="right" 58383--
    Buckingham IslandParryNUMount Windsoralign="right" align="right" 137 --
    Byam MartinParryNU align="right" align="right" 42294--
    CameronParryNUMount Wilmot align="right" 46312-
    Coburg IslandParryNU align="right" align="right" 83 --
    CornwallSverdrupNUMcLeod Peakalign="right" align="right" 31184--
    CornwallisParryNU align="right" align="right" 2196--
    DevonParryNUDevon Ice Capalign="right" align="right" 627--
    EglintonParryNT align="right" align="right" 36249--
    Ellef RingnesSverdrupNUIsachsen Domealign="right" align="right" 1669--
    EllesmereNUBarbeau Peakalign="right" align="right" 310--
    Emerald IsleParryNT align="right" align="right" 63466--
    GrahamSverdrupNU align="right" align="right" 38265--
    Griffith IslandParryNU align="right" 110 -
    Helena IslandParryNUaverage in southern hillsalign="right" align="right" 85 --
    Hoved IslandParryNU align="right" 125 -
    Île VanierParryNU align="right" align="right" 44298--
    King ChristianSverdrupNUKing Christian Mountainalign="right" align="right" 60420--
    Little Cornwallis IslandParryNU align="right" 75 -
    LougheedParryNU align="right" align="right" 41273--
    Lowther IslandParryNUraised beachalign="right" align="right" 133 --
    Mackenzie KingParryNU/NTCastel Buttealign="right" align="right" 26115--
    MasseyParryNU align="right" align="right" 71 --
    MeighenSverdrupNU align="right" align="right" 50337--
    MelvilleParryNU/NT align="right" align="right" 833--
    North KentParryNU align="right" align="right" 62453--
    Prince PatrickParryNT align="right" align="right" 1455--
    Stor IslandSverdrupNU align="right" align="right" 87 --
    remaining 2,092 islandsNU/NTalign="right" ......-
    Queen Elizabeth NU/NTBarbeau Peakalign="right" align="right" ......--

    Glaciers and ice caps

    In 2000 it was estimated that the Queen Elizabeth Islands were covered by about glaciers that represent c.14% of all glaciers and ice caps in the world. According to a 2011 report, the surface mass balance of four, the Devon Ice Cap measured ; the Meighen Ice Cap measured ; the Melville South Ice Cap measured and the White Glacier, Axel Heiberg Island glacier was. The size of these glaciers has been measured since 1961 and their results published in such distinguished journals as the International Glaciological Society's Annals of Glaciology.
    Of the four ice caps that the federal government's NRCan's Climate Change Geoscience Program Earth Sciences Sector, monitors onsite in the Canadian High Arctic, three are in the Queen Elizabeth Islands: Devon, Meighen and Melville. In a memo to Earth Sciences Sector in Canada's High Arctic indicates that shrinking of ice caps started in the late 1980s, and has accelerated rapidly since 2005," says an October 2013 memo to NRCan's deputy minister, who reports to federal Natural Resources Minister Joe Oliver. The increased melt rate was confirmed by University of California, Irvine in 2017.
    Computer analysis of a glacier inventory of Axel Heiberg Island was undertaken in the 1960s. Later inventories of the World Glacier Monitoring Service under the direction of Fritz Müller, who worked on glacier inventories internationally, included the Axel Heiberg Island glacier.
    Other glaciers and ice caps in the Queen Elizabeth Islands include the Agassiz Ice Cap, Benedict Glacier, Disraeli Glacier, Eugenie Glacier, Gull Glacier, Parrish Glacier, Sven Hedin Glacier and the Turnabout Glacier.