Qi (state)


Qi was a state of the Zhou dynasty-era in ancient China, variously reckoned as a march, duchy, and independent kingdom. Its capital was Yingqiu, located within present-day Linzi in Shandong.
Qi was founded shortly after the Zhou overthrow of Shang in the 11th century. Its first marquis was Jiang Ziya, minister of King Wen and a legendary figure in Chinese culture. His family ruled Qi for several centuries before it was replaced by the Tian family in 386. In 221, Qi was the final major state annexed by Qin during its unification of China.

History

Foundation

During the Zhou conquest of Shang, Jiang Ziya served as the chief minister to King Wu. After Wu's death, Jiang remained loyal to the Duke of Zhou during the Three Guards' failed rebellion against his regency. The Shang prince Wu Geng had joined the revolt along with the Dongyi states of Yan, Xu, and Pugu. These were suppressed by 1039 and Jiang was given the Pugu lands in what is now western Shandong as the march of Qi. Little information survives from this period, but the Bamboo Annals suggest that the native people of Pugu continued to revolt for about another decade before being destroyed a second time.
In the mid-9th century , King Yi attacked Qi and boiled Duke Ai to death. Under the reign of King Xuan, there was a local succession struggle. During this time, many of the native Dongyi peoples were absorbed into the Qi state.

Spring and Autumn period

In 706, Qi was attacked by the Shan Rong. Qi rose to prominence under Duke Huan of Qi. He and his minister Guan Zhong strengthened the state by centralizing it. He annexed 35 neighboring states including Tan and brought others into submission. In 667, Duke Huan met with the rulers of Lu, Song, Chen and Zheng and was elected leader. Subsequently, King Hui of Zhou made him the first Hegemon. He attacked Wei for supporting a rival of the Zhou king and intervened in the affairs of Lu. In 664, he protected Yan from the Rong. In 659, he protected Xing and in 660, Wei, from the Red Di. In 656 he blocked the northward expansion of Chu. After his death, a war of succession broke out among his sons, greatly weakening Qi. The hegemony consequently passed to Jin.
In 632, Qi helped Jin defeat Chu at the Battle of Chengpu. In 589, Qi was defeated by Jin. In 579, the four great powers of Qin, Jin, Chu and Qi met to declare a truce and limit their military strength. In 546, a similar four-power conference recognized several smaller states as satellites of Qi, Jin and Qin.

Warring States period

Early in the period, Qi annexed a number of smaller states. Qi was one of the first states to patronize scholars. In 532, the Tian clan destroyed several rival families and came to dominate the state. In 485, the Tian killed the ducal heir and fought several rival clans. In 481, the Tian chief killed a puppet duke, most of the ruler's family, and a number of rival chiefs. He took control of most of the state and left the Duke with only the capital of Linzi and the area around Mount Tai. In 386, the House of Tian fully replaced the House of Jiang as rulers of Qi. In 222, Qi was the last of the warring states to be conquered by Qin, thereby putting an end to the wars and uniting China under the Qin Dynasty.

Culture of Qi

Before Qin unified China, each state had its own customs and culture. According to the Yu Gong or Tribute of Yu, composed in the 4th or 5th century  and included in the Book of Documents, there were nine distinct cultural regions of China, which are described in detail in this book. The work focuses on the travels of the titular sage, Yu the Great, throughout each of the regions. Other texts, predominantly military, also discussed these cultural variations.
One of these texts was The Book of Master Wu, written in response to a query by Marquis Wu of Wei on how to cope with the other states. Wu Qi, the author of the work, declared that the government and nature of the people were reflective of the terrain of the environment in which they inhabited. Of Qi, he said:
While visiting Qi, Confucius was deeply impressed with perfection of performance of Shao music 韶 therein.
During the Warring States period, Qi was famous for its capital's academy Jixia, renowned scholars of the era from all over China visited the academy.

Qi architecture

The state of Qi was known for having well organized cities that were nearly rectangular in shape, with roads that were neatly knit into a grid-like pattern. The palace was strategically positioned facing the south. To the left of the palace resided the ancestral temple, to its right the temple of the gods, both one hundred paces away. This ensured that balance was achieved. In front of the palace was the court also one hundred paces away and to the back of the palace was the city. This type of layout influenced greatly the way cities were designed in subsequent generations.
Smaller cities known as chengyi were abundant throughout Qi. They typically stretched 450 meters from south to north and 395 meters from east to west. The perimeter was usually surrounded by a wall with the living headquarters situated within and a nearly perfect square-shaped courtyard occupying the center.

Qi in astronomy

Qi is represented by the star Chi Capricorni in the "Twelve States" asterism in the "Girl" lunar mansion in the "Black Turtle" symbol. Qi is also represented by the star 112 Herculis in the "Left Wall" asterism in the "Heavenly Market" enclosure.

Rulers

House of Jiang

TitleNameReign RelationshipNotes
Duke Tai
齊太公
Lü Shang
呂尚
11th centuryEnfeoffed by King Wu of Zhou, with capital at Yingqiu
Duke Ding
齊丁公
Lü Ji
呂伋
10th century5th-generation descendant of Duke TaiTraditionally believed to be son of Duke Tai
Duke Yǐ
齊乙公
De
10th centurySon of Duke Ding
Duke Gui
齊癸公
Cimu
慈母
c. 10th centurySon of Duke Yǐ
Duke Ai
齊哀公
Buchen
不辰
9th centurySon of Duke GuiBoiled to death by King Yi of Zhou
Duke Hu
齊胡公
Jing
9th centurySon of Duke GuiMoved capital to Bogu, killed by Duke Xian
Duke Xian
齊獻公
Shan
859?–851Son of Duke GuiMoved capital back to Linzi
Duke Wu
齊武公
Shou
850–825Son of Duke Xian
Duke Li
齊厲公
Wuji
無忌
824–816Son of Duke WuKilled by supporters of Duke Hu's son.
Duke Wen
齊文公
Chi
815–804Son of Duke Li
Duke Cheng
齊成公
Yue
803–795Son of Duke Wen
Duke Zhuang I
齊前莊公
Gou
794–731Son of Duke ChengReigned for 64 years
Duke Xi
齊僖公
Lufu
祿甫
730–698Son of Duke Zhuang I
Duke Xiang
齊襄公
Zhu'er
諸兒
697–686Son of Duke XiCommitted incest with sister Wen Jiang, murdered her husband Duke Huan of Lu, conquered the state of Ji, murdered by cousin Wuzhi
noneWuzhi
無知
686Cousin of Duke Xiang, grandson of Duke Zhuang IKilled by Yong Lin.
Duke Huan
齊桓公
Xiaobai
小白
685–643Younger brother of Duke XiangFirst of the Five Hegemons, when Qi reached zenith of its power. Starved to death by ministers
noneWukui or Wugui
無虧 or 無詭
643Son of Duke HuanKilled by supporters of Duke Xiao
Duke Xiao
齊孝公
Zhao
642–633Son of Duke HuanCrown prince of Qi
Duke Zhao
齊昭公
Pan
632–613Son of Duke HuanHis supporters murdered the son of Duke Xiao
noneShe
613Son of Duke ZhaoMurdered by uncle Shangren
Duke Yì
齊懿公
Shangren
商人
612–609Uncle of She, son of Duke HuanKilled by two ministers
Duke Hui
齊惠公
Yuan
608–599Son of Duke HuanDefeated Long Di invaders
Duke Qing
齊頃公
Wuye
無野
598–582Son of Duke HuiDefeated by Jin at the Battle of An
Duke Ling
齊靈公
Huan
581–554Son of Duke QingAnnexed the State of Lai; defeated by Jin at the Battle of Pingyin, capital Linzi burned
Duke Zhuang II
齊後莊公
Guang
553–548Son of Duke LingAscended throne by killing Prince Ya with the help of Cui Zhu; committed adultery with Cui's wife, killed by Cui
Duke Jing
齊景公
Chujiu
杵臼
547–490Half brother of Duke Zhuang IIKilled Cui Zhu. Had famous statesman Yan Ying as prime minister
An Ruzi
安孺子
Tu
489Youngest son of Duke JingDeposed by Tian Qi and killed by Duke Dao. Also called Yan Ruzi
Duke Dao
齊悼公
Yangsheng
陽生
488–485Son of Duke JingKilled by a minister, possibly Tian Heng
Duke Jian
齊簡公
Ren
484–481Son of Duke DaoKilled by Tian Heng
Duke Ping
齊平公
Ao
480–456Brother of Duke Jian
Duke Xuan
齊宣公
Ji
455–405Son of Duke Ping
Duke Kang
齊康公
Dai
404–386Son of Duke XuanDeposed by Duke Tai of Tian Qi, died in 379

House of Tian

TitleNameReign RelationshipNotes
Duke Tai
齊太公
Tian He
田和
404–384Son of Tian BaiOfficially recognized as Qi ruler in 386
noneTian Yan
田剡
383–375Son of Duke TaiKilled by Duke Huan.
Duke Huan
齊桓公
Tian Wu
田午
374–357Brother of Tian Yan
King Wei
齊威王
Tian Yinqi
田因齊
356–320Son of Duke HuanMost powerful Qi ruler of the Warring States.
King Xuan
齊宣王
Tian Bijiang
田辟彊
319–300Son of King Wei
King Min
齊愍王
Tian Di
田地
300–283Son of King XuanTemporarily declared himself "Emperor of the East".
King Xiang
齊襄王
Tian Fazhang
田法章
283–265Son of King Min
noneTian Jian
田建
264–221Son of King XiangQi conquered by Qin

Famous people