Pyrrhula


Pyrrhula is a small genus of passerine birds, commonly called bullfinches, belonging to the finch family.
The genus has a Palearctic distribution. All species occur in Asia, with two species exclusively in the Himalayas and one species, P. pyrrhula, also occurring in Europe. The Azores bullfinch is a critically endangered species, occurring only in the east of the island of São Miguel in the Azores archipelago.
Analysis of the mtDNA cytochrome b sequence indicates that the Holarctic pine grosbeak is the closest living relative of this genus. Arguably, it could be included in Pyrrhula, but more probably is a distinct offshoot of a common ancestor, with the pine grosbeak as the sister group to the ancestor of the bullfinches. The evolution of the bullfinch species started soon after the pine grosbeak's ancestors diverged from them, and it is quite possible that the latter species evolved in North America; what is fairly certain is that the bullfinch radiation started in the general area of the Himalayas. The mountain finches also seem to be part of this clade.
Bullfinches have glossy black wings and tail feathers. They show a white rump. The legs and feet are fleshy brown. Their short, swollen bill is adapted to eat buds, and is black except for the brown bullfinch, which has a grey or greenish-grey bill. The males can be distinguished by their orange or red breast. Some species have a black cap.
The name of Pyrrhula for the genus was introduced by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760. It was derived by tautonymy from the binomial name of the Eurasian bullfinch Loxia pyrrhula introduced by Linnaeus in 1758.

Species

There are seven extant and one extinct recognized species in the genus:
ImageScientific nameCommon NameDistribution
Pyrrhula aurantiacaOrange bullfinchIndia and Pakistan
Pyrrhula erythacaGrey-headed bullfinchBhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, and Taiwan
Pyrrhula erythrocephalaRed-headed bullfinchBhutan, northern India, Nepal
Pyrrhula leucogenisWhite-cheeked bullfinchPhilippines-
Pyrrhula murinaAzores bullfinchSão Miguel Island, in the Azores archipelago of Macaronesia in the North Atlantic Ocean.
Pyrrhula nipalensisBrown bullfinchBhutan, China, India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Taiwan, and Vietnam.
Pyrrhula pyrrhulaEurasian bullfinchacross Europe and temperate Asia.