Proto-Iroquoian
Proto-Iroquoian is the name given to the hypothetical proto-language of the Iroquoian languages. Lounsbury estimated from glottochronology a time depth of 3,500 to 3,800 years for the split of South and North Iroquoian. At the time of first European contact, speakers of Iroquoian languages ranged from the Cherokee in the Great Smoky Mountains, to the Tuscarora and Nottoway near the modern Virginia/North Carolina border, then further north the Five Nations in Upstate New York and the Huron and Neutral in modern-day Ontario.
Subdivisions
The Iroquoian languages are usually divided into two main groups: Southern Iroquoian and Northern Iroquoian based on the great differences in vocabulary and modern phonology. Northern Iroquoian is then further divided by Lounsbury and Mithun into Proto-Tuscarora-Nottoway and Lake Iroquoian, although Julian does not believe Lake Iroquoian to be a valid subgrouping.History of studies
Isolated studies were done by Chafe, Michelson, and Rudes. There have also been several works of internal reconstruction for daughter languages, in particular with Seneca and Mohawk. A preliminary full reconstruction of proto-Iroquoian was not provided until Charles Julian's work.Phonology
Proto-Iroquoian as reconstructed shares the Iroquoian languages' notable typological traits of small consonant inventories, complex consonant clusters, and a lack of labial consonants.Vowels
The reconstructed vowel inventory for Proto-Iroquoian is:| Front | Central | Back | |
| Close | |||
| Mid | |||
| Open |
Like later Iroquoian languages, Proto-Iroquoian is distinguished in having nasal vowels /õ/ and /ẽ/, although it has more than in its daughter languages.
Consonants
The reconstructed consonant inventory for Proto-Iroquoian is given in the table below. The consonants of all Iroquoian languages pattern so that they may be grouped as obstruents, sibilants, laryngeals, and resonants.| Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
| Plosive | ||||
| Affricate | ||||
| Fricative | ||||
| Nasal | ||||
| Approximant |
Morphology
Reconstructed functional morphemes from Julian :| No. | Gloss | Proto-Iroquoian | Proto-Northern Iroquoian |
| 1 | 'negative' | *teɁ | |
| 2 | 'coincident' | *ts | |
| 3 | 'contrastive' | *thi | |
| 4 | 'partitive' | *ijiː | |
| 5 | 'translocative' | *wi | |
| 6 | 'factual' | *waɁ | |
| 7 | 'duplicative' | *teː | |
| 8 | 'future' | *ẽː | |
| 9 | 'optative' | *aɹa | |
| 10 | 'cislocative' | *t | |
| 11 | 'repetitive' | *ts | |
| 12 | 'non-singular animate' | *ka | |
| 13 | '1:2.SG' | *kõː | |
| 14 | '1:2.DU' | *kni | |
| 15 | '1:2.PL' | *kwa | |
| 16 | '2:1.SG' | *hskʷi | |
| 17 | '2:1.DU' | *hskniː | |
| 18 | '2:1.PL' | *hskʷ… | |
| 19 | '1SG:3' | *ki | |
| 20 | 1SG:3A' | *kiji | |
| 21 | '1SG:3M' | *he or *hɹi | |
| 22 | '2SG:3' | *hsi | |
| 23 | 2SG:3A' | *hsiji | |
| 24 | '2SG:3M' | *hehse | |
| 25 | '3:1SG' | *wakʷi | |
| 26 | 3A:1SG' | *jõːkʷi | |
| 27 | '3M:1SG' | *hɹake | |
| 28 | '3:2SG' | *tsa | |
| 29 | 3A:2SG' | *jeːtsa | |
| 30 | '3M:2SG' | *hja | |
| 31 | '2DU&3' | *tsniː | |
| 32 | '2DU&3M' | *hshetsni | |
| 33 | '2PL&3' | *ts… | |
| 34 | '2PL&3M' | *hshetswa | |
| 35 | '2NS&3I' | *jetshi | |
| 36 | '1+2DU:3' | *tniː | |
| 37 | '1+2DU:3M' | *hshetni | |
| 38 | '1+2PL:3' | *t… | |
| 39 | '1+2PL:3M' | *hshetwa | |
| 40 | '1+3DU:3' | *jakni | |
| 41 | '1+3DU:3M' | *hshakni | |
| 42 | '1+3PL:3' | *jakwa | |
| 43 | '1+3PL:3M' | *hshakwa | |
| 44 | '3:1DU' | *kniː | |
| 45 | '3M:1DU' | *hshõkni | |
| 46 | '3:1PL' | *kʷ… | |
| 47 | '3M:1PL' | *hshõkwa | |
| 48 | '1+2NS:3I' | *jethi | |
| 49 | 1+3NS:3I' | *jakhi | |
| 50 | 3I:1NS' | *jõkhi | |
| 51 | '3SG:3' | *ka | |
| 52 | '3SG:3' | *wa | |
| 53 | '3SGM:3' | *hɹa | |
| 54 | '3:3SG' | *juː | |
| 55 | '3:3SGM' | *hɹo | |
| 56 | '3DU:3' | *kni | |
| 57 | '3DUM:3' | *hni | |
| 58 | 3NS:3' | *wantiː | |
| 59 | '3PL:3' | *kõti | |
| 60 | '3PLM:3' | *hɹati | |
| 61 | '3:3NS' | *juːntiː | |
| 62 | '3:3NSM' | *hɹoti | |
| 63 | '3I:3' | *je | |
| 64 | '3:3I' | *jako | |
| 65 | '3SGM:3I' | *hshako | |
| 66 | 3A:3SGA' | *kõːwa | |
| 67 | '3I:3SGM' | *hɹõwa | |
| 68 | 3A:3NSA' | *kõːwantiː | |
| 69 | '3I:3NSM' | *hɹõwati | |
| 70 | '3NS:3I' | *jakoti | |
| 71 | '3NSM:3I' | *hshakoti | |
| 72 | '2:1.SG.IMP' | *take | |
| 73 | '2:1.DU.IMP' | *takni | |
| 74 | '1:2.PL.IMP' | *takwa | |
| 75 | '2SG:3.IMP' | *tse | |
| 76 | 'reflexive' | *ataːt | |
| 77 | 'semireflexive' | *at | |
| 78 | 'semireflexive' | *aɹ | |
| 79 | 'joiner vowel' | *a | |
| 80 | 'nominalizer' | *hsɹ | |
| 81 | 'nominalizer' | *Ɂtshɹ | |
| 82 | 'causative-instrumental' | *t | |
| 83 | 'causative-instrumental' | *hst | |
| 84 | 'instrumental' | *hkw | |
| 85 | 'reversive' | *kʷ | |
| 86 | 'reversive' | *hsj | |
| 87 | 'inchoative' | *Ɂ | |
| 88 | 'dative-benefactive' | *ts | |
| 89 | 'dative-benefactive' | *ẽ | |
| 90 | 'dative-benefactive' | *ni | |
| 91 | 'dislocative' | *n | |
| 92 | 'dislocative' | *h | |
| 93 | 'dislocative' | *ts | |
| 94 | 'dislocative' | *tsɹ | |
| 95 | 'dislocative' | *ɹ | |
| 96 | 'distributive' | *njõː | |
| 97 | 'distributive' | *nõː | |
| 98 | 'distributive' | *hõː | |
| 99 | 'distributive' | *õː | |
| 100 | 'distributive' | *ɹõː | |
| 101 | 'distributive' | *ɹjõː | |
| 102 | 'distributive' | *tsõː | |
| 103 | 'distributive' | *tsɹõː | |
| 104 | 'progressive' | *tjeɁ | |
| 105 | 'present suffix' | *hs | |
| 106 | 'present suffix' | *ts | |
| 107 | 'present suffix' | *haɁ | |
| 108 | 'present suffix' | *h | |
| 109 | 'imperfective suffix' | *hsk | |
| 110 | 'past habitual suffix' | *kʷ | |
| 111 | 'punctual suffix' | *Ɂ | |
| 112 | 'punctual suffix' | *ẽɁ | |
| 113 | 'punctual suffix' | *Ø | |
| 114 | 'punctual suffix' | *n | |
| 115 | 'perfect suffix' | *õh | |
| 116 | 'perfect suffix' | *ẽh | |
| 117 | 'perfect suffix' | *Ø | |
| 118 | 'perfect suffix' | *eɁ | |
| 119 | 'perfect suffix' | *ih | |
| 120 | 'past perfect suffix' | *n | |
| 121 | 'facilitative suffix' | *nskõːh | |
| 122 | 'modalizer suffix' | *k | |
| 123 | 'noun suffix' | *aɁ | |
| 124 | 'authenticative suffix' | *õweh | |
| 125 | 'characterizer suffix' | *haːɁ | |
| 126 | 'decessive suffix' | *kẽh | |
| 127 | 'intensifier suffix' | *tsih | |
| 128 | 'locative suffix' | *keh | |
| 129 | 'populative suffix' | *ɹonõɁ | |
| 130 | 'populative suffix' | *kaːɁ |
Lexicon
Reconstructed lexical roots and particles from Julian :| No. | Gloss | Proto-Iroquoian | Proto-Northern Iroquoian | Proto-Mohawk- Oneida | Huron |
| 131 | 'path, road, trail' | *-ah-, *-hah- | |||
| 132 | 'be bad, be ugly, be useless' | *-hetkẽɁ | |||
| 133 | 'be salty, be sour' | *-ahjoɁtsihs, *-oɁtsihst- | |||
| 134 | 'bark, wood, wood chips' | *-ahkaɹ- | |||
| 135 | 'be ten' | *-ahnshẽːh | |||
| 136 | 'ear' | *-hõht- | |||
| 137 | 'count' | *-hɹaːt- | |||
| 138 | 'hear, speak a language, understand' | *-ahɹõk- | |||
| 139 | 'foot' | *-aːhs-, *-aːhsiɁt- | |||
| 140 | 'three' | *ahsẽh | |||
| 141 | 'string' | *ahsɹijeɁ | |||
| 142 | 'shoe' | *-ahtahkʷ-, *ahtaɁ | |||
| 143 | 'be forbidden, be prohibited, be strict, be taboo' | *-ahtjawẽɹeɁ | |||
| 144 | 'abandon, give up, leave behind, let go, quit, release' | *-ahtkaɁw- | |||
| 145 | 'disappear, vanish' | *-ahtõ-, *-ahtõɁ- | |||
| 146 | 'hide' | *-ahtseht- | |||
| 147 | 'argue for, compete for, contend for, fight for' | *-ahtskehnh- | |||
| 148 | 'not yet, still' | *ahtsõh, *atsõh | |||
| 149 | 'night' | *-ahtsõːh- | |||
| 150 | 'connect, fasten, join together' | *-ahtsõtɹ- | |||
| 151 | 'be durable, be hard, be strong' | *-akanst-, *-anst-, *-kanst- | |||
| 152 | 'be a number, be an amount, be that many' | *-akeːh, *-keːh | |||
| 153 | 'be bad' | *-aksẽːh | |||
| 154 | 'cry' | *-anstaɹ- | |||
| 155 | 'outdoors, outside' | *ansteh | |||
| 156 | 'shoe' | *-aɹaːhsu- | |||
| 157 | 'be cousins' | *-aɹaɁtseːɁ | |||
| 158 | 'about, almost, approximately' | *aɹeɁ | |||
| 159 | 'be inside, be one, be present, be within, exist' | *-aːt | |||
| 160 | 'speak, talk' | *-atati-, *-atatj- | |||
| 161 | 'bathe, swim' | *-atawẽ- | |||
| 162 | 'climb over, go over' | *-atawẽːhɹat- | |||
| 163 | 'be ashamed, be embarrassed' | *-ateːhẽːh- | |||
| 164 | 'be burning, burn' | *-atek- | |||
| 165 | 'burn, cause to burn, light a fire' | *-atekaɁt- | |||
| 166 | 'use to light a fire' | *-atekaɁtahkw- | |||
| 167 | 'be a doctor, cure, heal' | *-atetsjẽɁt- | |||
| 168 | 'food taken along, provisions' | *-atẽnaɁtshɹ- | |||
| 169 | 'be a member of the Wolf Clan' | *-athahjõniːh | |||
| 170 | 'be cold, be cold out, cold' | *-athoɹ-, *athoɁ | |||
| 171 | 'hear' | *-athõː- | |||
| 172 | 'garter' | *-athsinh-, *-athsinhatshɹ- | |||
| 173 | 'be burnt, be consumed, be used up, burn, use oneself up' | *-athsɁaht- | |||
| 174 | 'abandon, throw, throw out' | *-ati-, *-atj-, *-õti-, *-õtj- | |||
| 175 | 'draw, pull, stretch' | *-atiɹõːt- | |||
| 176 | 'get dressed, put on' | *-atjaɁtawiɁt- | |||
| 177 | 'harbour, hold back, keep' | *-atjenawahst- | |||
| 178 | 'be cheap, be easy, be profligate, squander' | *-atjets- | |||
| 179 | 'look at' | *-atkahthw- | |||
| 180 | 'purulence, pus' | *-atkẽhtsɹ- | |||
| 181 | 'be a sorceror, be a spirit, have inherent power' | *-atkõɁ | |||
| 182 | 'axe' | *atokẽɁ | |||
| 183 | 'spoon' | *-atokw-, *-atokwaɁtshɹ- | |||
| 184 | 'hunt' | *-atoɹaːt- | |||
| 185 | 'breathe' | *-atõːɹ- | |||
| 186 | 'laugh, laugh out loud' | *-atõtaɹikt- | |||
| 187 | 'meet, meet by chance' | *-atɹaɁ- | |||
| 188 | 'grandchild, have as grandchild' | *-atɹe- | |||
| 189 | 'be green, be new' | *-atseːɁ | |||
| 190 | 'be glad, be happy' | *-atshẽnõni- | |||
| 191 | 'dry out, dry up, evaporate, run dry' | *-atst-, *-atstathẽ- | |||
| 192 | 'abandon, lend, let go, spare' | *-atwẽteht- | |||
| 193 | 'fence, palisade' | *-atɁẽhɹ- | |||
| 194 | 'belong to, own, possess' | *-awẽh | |||
| 195 | 'stir' | *-awẽɹi-, *-awẽɹj- | |||
| 196 | 'water' | *awẽɁ | |||
| 197 | 'be small' | *-aɁ-, *-aɁaːh | |||
| 198 | 'lace, net, netting, web' | *-aɁaɹ- | |||
| 199 | 'dew' | *-aɁawj - | |||
| 200 | 'strike' | *-aɁe- | |||
| 201 | 'become dark, become night' | *-aɁkaɹaɁ-, *-aɁkɹaɁ- | |||
| 202 | 'snow, snowflake' | *-aɁkɹ- | |||
| 203 | 'turtle' | *-aɁnowaɹ-, *-Ɂnowaɹ- | |||
| 204 | 'be hot, be warm' | *-aɁtaɹihẽːh | |||
| 205 | 'heat, sweat' | *-aɁtaɹihẽhsɹ- | |||
| 206 | 'axe' | *-aɁtsɹ- | |||
| 207 | 'be extinguished, fire to go out' | *-aɁtsw- | |||
| 208 | 'extinguish, put out a fire' | *-aɁtswaht- | |||
| 209 | 'come, go, go on foot, walk' | *-e- | |||
| 210 | 'remember' | *-ehjahɹ- | |||
| 211 | 'believe, think' | *-eːɹ- | |||
| 212 | 'heart' | *-eɹjahs- | |||
| 213 | 'a lot, much' | *etsoɁ, *itsoɁ, *itswaɁ | |||
| 214 | 'above, high, over' | *eɁnkẽh, *heɁnkẽh | |||
| 215 | 'flower' | *-ẽh- | |||
| 216 | 'day' | *-ẽhnitsɹ- | |||
| 217 | 'be uncle to, have as nephew or niece' | *-ẽhwatẽɁ, *-jẽhwatẽɁ | |||
| 218 | 'be born, establish oneself' | *-ẽnakɹaːt- | |||
| 219 | 'day' | *-ẽt- | |||
| 220 | 'be finished, be over, be prepared, be ready, come to an end' | *-ẽtaɁ- | |||
| 221 | 'drop, fall' | *-ẽɁ- | |||
| 222 | 'nine' | *ẽɁtɹõɁ, *waɁtɹõh, *waɁtɹõɁ | |||
| 223 | 'council fire, flame, torch' | *-hahsɹ- | |||
| 224 | 'cornstalk, grass' | *-heɹ- | |||
| 225 | 'shout, yell' | *-hẽɹeht- | |||
| 226 | 'clearing, field, meadow' | *-hẽt- | |||
| 227 | 'mark, write' | *-hjatõ- | |||
| 228 | 'book, something marked, something written' | *-hjatõhsɹ- | |||
| 229 | 'claw' | *-hkaɹ- | |||
| 230 | 'current, moving water, rapids' | *-hnaw- | |||
| 231 | 'arm, shoulder' | *-hnẽː- | |||
| 232 | 'command, employ, hire' | *-hnhaɁ- | |||
| 233 | 'door' | *-hnhoh-, *-hnhohw- | |||
| 234 | 'close a door, door to be closed' | *-hnhotõ- | |||
| 235 | 'have jowls protruding' | *-hnhhskʷɹõːt | |||
| 236 | 'feed, put in the mouth' | *-hnhõtho-, *-hnhõthw- | |||
| 237 | 'be durable, be hard, be solid, be strong' | *-hniɹ- | |||
| 238 | 'thigh' | *-hnitsh- | |||
| 239 | 'neck, throat' | *-hnj- | |||
| 240 | 'tie' | *-hnɹ- | |||
| 241 | 'basswood' | *-hohsɹ-, *-hotsɹ- | |||
| 242 | 'bread' | *-hɹahkʷ- | |||
| 243 | 'feather' | *-hɹaɁt- | |||
| 244 | 'cut' | *-hɹen- | |||
| 245 | 'fall, fall over' | *-hɹjenẽɁ-, *-ɁɹhjenẽɁ- | |||
| 246 | 'tell' | *-hɹoɹi-, *-hɹoɹj- | |||
| 247 | 'name, reputation' | *-hsẽn- | |||
| 248 | 'dough' | *-hsheɁɹ-,-hsheɁɹh- | |||
| 249 | 'depression, depth, hole, hollow. | *-hshõw- | |||
| 250 | 'detest, dislike, hate' | *-hshwahẽ-, *-hshwẽ- | |||
| 251 | 'ankle, knee' | *-hsinkoɁt- | |||
| 252 | 'slow' | *-hskanẽ- | |||
| 253 | 'be good' | *-hskaːths | |||
| 254 | 'deer' | *-hskẽnõtõɁ | |||
| 255 | 'bone' | *-hskẽɁɹ-; *-hskẽɁɹakeht- 'be a warrior', lit. 'carry the bone' | |||
| 256 | 'head' | *-hskʷ- | |||
| 257 | 'finger, hand' | *-hsnõhs-, *-hsnõɁ | |||
| 258 | 'be fast, be quick' | *-hsnuːɹiɁ | |||
| 259 | 'be ancestor to, be grandparent to' | *-hsoːt | |||
| 260 | 'build, make, prepare' | *-hsɹõːn- | |||
| 261 | 'use' | *-hst- | |||
| 262 | 'marrow' | *-hstahɹõw- | |||
| 263 | 'be little, be small' | *-hsthwih, *-hstwih | |||
| 264 | 'back' | *-hsw- | |||
| 265 | 'board, wood' | *-hswẽɁkaɹ-, *-hwẽɁkaɹ-, *-hwẽɁkhaɹ- | |||
| 266 | 'complete, exhaust, finish' | *-hsɁ-, *-ihsɁ- | |||
| 267 | 'have as older sibling, have as older maternal female cousin' | *-htsiɁ | |||
| 268 | 'colour, dye, paint' | *-htsuːhw- | |||
| 269 | 'family' | *-hwatsiɹ- | |||
| 270 | 'be round' | *-hweɁnõniːh | |||
| 271 | 'foam' | *-hwẽɁnst- | |||
| 272 | 'force, strength' | *-hwihsh- | |||
| 273 | 'five' | *hwihsk | |||
| 274 | 'metal, money' | *-hwihst- | |||
| 275 | 'be, be the one, exist' | *-iː- | |||
| 276 | 'be dead, die' | *-ihej- | |||
| 277 | 'cross over' | *-ihjaɁk-, *-jahjaɁk- | |||
| 278 | 'creek, river' | *-ijhõh-, *-ijhõhw-, *-wjhõh- | |||
| 279 | 'be beautiful, be good, be great' | *-ijoːh | |||
| 280 | 'emerge, go out, put out' | *-inkẽɁ- | |||
| 281 | 'far' | *iːnõh | |||
| 282 | 'mattress, sheet, spread' | *-inskaɹ- | |||
| 283 | 'be sitting, sit' | *-inskoːt | |||
| 284 | 'saliva, spit, spittle' | *-inskɹ- | |||
| 285 | 'fish scale' | *-inst- | |||
| 286 | 'cliff, rock, rock bank' | *-instẽhɹ-, *-nstẽhɹ- | |||
| 287 | 'sleep' | *-itaɁw-, *-itɁo- | |||
| 288 | 'crowd, group' | *-itjohkʷ- | |||
| 289 | 'you' | *iːts | |||
| 290 | 'shoot' | *-iɁaːk-, *-iɁjaːk-, *-Ɂjaːk- | |||
| 291 | 'clan, clay, hearth' | *-iɁtaɹ-, *-Ɂtaɹ- | |||
| 292 | 'abide, dwell, reside, sit' | *-iɁtɹõ- | |||
| 293 | 'exit, go out, leave' | *-jakẽɁ- | |||
| 294 | 'footprint, gait, track' | *-jan- | |||
| 295 | 'be a chief, be good, be lawful, be proper' | *-janɹ- | |||
| 296 | 'law' | *-janɹehsɹ-, *-janrẽhsɹ- | |||
| 297 | 'break, cut' | *-jaɁk- | |||
| 298 | 'being, body, carcass, corpse, person' | *-jaɁt- | |||
| 299 | 'wake up' | *-je- | |||
| 300 | 'add, contribute, mix' | *-jehst- | |||
| 301 | 'capture, catch, grab' | *-jena-, *-jenaw- | |||
| 302 | 'act, do, happen to' | *-jeɹ- | |||
| 303 | 'be complete, be just, be perfect, be right' | *-jeɹi- | |||
| 304 | 'body' | *-jeːɹõɁ- | |||
| 305 | 'smile' | *-jeːts- | |||
| 306 | 'be situated, exist, have, put down, set down, sit down' | *-jẽ- | |||
| 307 | 'hit, strike' | *-jẽht- | |||
| 308 | 'firewood, wood' | *-jẽt- | |||
| 309 | 'accumulate, beget, get, obtain' | *-jẽtaɁ- | |||
| 310 | 'know' | *-jẽteɹ- | |||
| 311 | 'plant, sow' | *-jẽtho-, *-jẽthw- | |||
| 312 | 'flay, skin' | *-jẽtsɹ- | |||
| 313 | 'have as child' | *-jẽɁ- | |||
| 314 | 'smoke, tobacco' | *-jẽɁkʷ- | |||
| 315 | 'enter' | *-jõ- | |||
| 316 | 'eat' | *-k- | |||
| 317 | 'butterfly' | *kahnaːwẽːh | |||
| 318 | 'look at' | *-kahnɹ- | |||
| 319 | 'eye' | *-kahɹ- | |||
| 320 | 'four' | *kajeɹih | |||
| 321 | 'be old' | *-kajõ- | |||
| 322 | 'anywhere, somewhere' | *kankaɁ | |||
| 323 | 'pipe' | *kanõːnowẽɁ | |||
| 324 | 'bite' | *-kaɹ- | |||
| 325 | 'account, price, story' | *-kaɹ- | |||
| 326 | 'roll, turn around' | *-kaɹhateni-, *-kaɹhatenj- | |||
| 327 | 'invert, roll over, turn over' | *-kaɹhatho-, *-kaɹhathw- | |||
| 328 | 'tree' | *kaɹhit, *keɹhit, *keɹhiɁ, *kɹaheːt, *kɹahit | |||
| 329 | 'come here!' | *katsih | |||
| 330 | 'paddle, row' | *-kaweː- | |||
| 331 | 'lift, raise' | *-kensko-, *-kenskʷ- | |||
| 332 | 'see' | *-kẽ-, *-kẽːh | |||
| 333 | 'be old' | *-kẽhtsi- | |||
| 334 | 'summer' | *-kẽnh- | |||
| 335 | 'be white' | *-kẽɹat | |||
| 336 | 'peel, scrape' | *-kẽtsɹ- | |||
| 337 | 'divide, separate' | *-kh-, *-khahsi-, *-khahsj-, *-khahsk- | |||
| 338 | 'elbow' | *-khjuːhs- | |||
| 339 | 'food, meal' | *-khw- | |||
| 340 | 'chipmunk' | *kihɹjuɁkẽh | |||
| 341 | 'dog' | *kiːɹ | |||
| 342 | 'hair' | *-kiɁɹh- | |||
| 343 | 'crow' | *koːhkaːɁ | |||
| 344 | 'be a lot, be many, be much' | *-koɁtiɁ | |||
| 345 | 'face' | *-kõːhs- | |||
| 346 | 'eel' | *kõteh | |||
| 347 | 'bowl, dish, plate' | *-kts- | |||
| 348 | 'acorn, oak' | *kuːɹeh | |||
| 349 | 'be big, be large' | *-kuwa-, *-kʷa- | |||
| 350 | 'pick up' | *-kʷ- | |||
| 351 | 'be able' | *-kʷeni-, *-kʷenj- | |||
| 352 | 'that, the, this' | *nV | |||
| 353 | 'domestic animal, prisoner, slave' | *-nahskʷ- | |||
| 354 | 'be autochthonous, dwell, reside' | *-nakɹ- | |||
| 355 | 'bed, place, room, space' | *-nakt-, *-nakʷt- | |||
| 356 | 'camp, city, settlement, town, village' | *-nat- | |||
| 357 | 'grain, wheat' | *-natsj- | |||
| 358 | 'be melted, be warm, be wet' | *-nawẽːh | |||
| 359 | 'antler, horn' | *-naɁkaɹ- | |||
| 360 | 'imitate' | *-naɁkeɹ- | |||
| 361 | 'bread' | *-naɁtaɹ- | |||
| 362 | 'call' | *-naɁtõhkʷ- | |||
| 363 | 'cauldron, kettle, pail, pot' | *-naɁtsj- | |||
| 364 | 'liquid' | *-neː- | |||
| 365 | 'ice' | *-neːhst-, *-neːhstwaɹ | |||
| 366 | 'corn, grain, kernel' | *-nẽh- | |||
| 367 | 'now' | *nẽh | |||
| 368 | 'steal' | *-nẽːhskʷ- | |||
| 369 | 'sand; stone' | *-nẽːj- | |||
| 370 | 'arm' | *-nẽtsh- | |||
| 371 | 'be stingy' | *-niɁ- | |||
| 372 | 'marry' | *-njaːk- | |||
| 373 | 'neck' | *-njaɹ- | |||
| 374 | 'lake' | *-njataɹ- | |||
| 375 | 'wampum' | *-nkoɁɹ-, *-nkoɁɹh- | |||
| 376 | 'blood' | *-nkõ-, *-nkʷẽhs- | |||
| 377 | 'red' | *-nkʷẽhtaɹ- | |||
| 378 | 'begin to snow' | *-nkʷẽɁ- | |||
| 379 | 'be cold' | *-noːh | |||
| 380 | 'tooth' | *-noɁts-, *-noɁtsj- | |||
| 381 | 'medicine' | *-nõhkʷ-, *-nõhkʷaɁt-, *-nõhkʷaɁtshɹ- | |||
| 382 | 'house' | *-nõhs- | |||
| 383 | 'be painful, be sore, hurt' | *-nõhwakt- | |||
| 384 | 'admire, like' | *-nõhweɁ- | |||
| 385 | 'hill, mountain' | *-nõt- | |||
| 386 | 'corn soup, hominy' | *-nõtaɹ- | |||
| 387 | 'brain, head' | *-nõːtsiː- | |||
| 388 | 'breast, milk' | *-nõɁt- | |||
| 389 | 'fungus, mushroom' | *-nɹahs- | |||
| 390 | 'leaf' | *-nɹaht- | |||
| 391 | 'get involved, help' | *-nsteːɹ- | |||
| 392 | 'corn husk' | *-nuːɹ- | |||
| 393 | 'be difficult, be unable to, fail to do' | *-nuːɹõ- | |||
| 394 | 'winter, year' | *-ohsɹ- | |||
| 395 | 'throw' | *-ojɁaːk- | |||
| 396 | 'split' | *-oɹẽ- | |||
| 397 | 'be, be standing, exist, stand upright' | *-oːt | |||
| 398 | 'be at the end, end' | *-oɁkt- | |||
| 399 | 'dig' | *-oɁkʷaːt- | |||
| 400 | 'hand' | *-oɁnj- | |||
| 401 | 'be of a kind, be of a sort' | *-oɁtẽːh | |||
| 402 | 'earth, land, world' | *-õhwẽtsj- | |||
| 403 | 'go beyond, go through, leak, pass through, penetrate, reach' | *-õːkuːh- | |||
| 404 | 'sift' | *-õːkuːhst- | |||
| 405 | 'be a person, human being' | *-õkʷeh, *-õkʷehsɹ-, *-õkʷeɁt- | |||
| 406 | 'be alive, life, live' | *-õːnh- | |||
| 407 | 'rain' | *-õnoːt- | |||
| 408 | 'pot' | *-õːt- | |||
| 409 | 'put into the fire' | *-õːt- | |||
| 410 | 'be attached, have as a body part' | *-õːt | |||
| 411 | 'remove from the fire' | *-õːtakʷ- | |||
| 412 | 'be a lake, lake' | *-õːtaɹiɁ | |||
| 413 | 'be in, be on' | *-ɹ- | |||
| 414 | 'moon to be present, planet to be present, sun to be present' | *-ɹ- | |||
| 415 | 'moon, planet, sun' | *-ɹahkʷ- | |||
| 416 | 'erase, rub out, wipe out' | *-ɹakew- | |||
| 417 | 'choose, pick out, select' | *-ɹako-, *-ɹakw- | |||
| 418 | 'sap, syrup' | *-ɹan- | |||
| 419 | 'heel' | *-ɹat- | |||
| 420 | 'climb' | *-ɹathẽ-, *-ɹaɁthẽ- | |||
| 421 | 'adhere, stick, stick on' | *-ɹaɁnẽtaːk- | |||
| 422 | 'incantation, song, spell, witchcraft' | *-ɹẽn- | |||
| 423 | 'bush, forest, woods' | *-ɹhat- | |||
| 424 | 'coat with, put on' | *-ɹho- | |||
| 425 | 'be paternal aunt to' | *-ɹhok | |||
| 426 | 'socks, leggings' | *-ɹiː- | |||
| 427 | 'affair, business, thing, matter' | *-ɹihw- | |||
| 428 | 'fight, kill' | *-ɹijo-, *-ɹjo- | |||
| 429 | 'animal' | *-ɹjoːɁ | |||
| 430 | 'blue, sky' | *-ɹõhj- | |||
| 431 | 'log, tree' | *-ɹõt- | |||
| 432 | 'chop' | *-ɹɁo-, *-ɹɁok- | |||
| 433 | 'be present, exist' | *-t- | |||
| 434 | 'and, besides' | *tahnũɁ | |||
| 435 | 'run' | *-takh- | |||
| 436 | 'woodpecker' | *taɹaːɹ | |||
| 437 | 'flint' | *tawiːhskaɹaɁ | |||
| 438 | 'two' | *tekniːh | |||
| 439 | 'eight' | *tekɹõɁ | |||
| 440 | 'change' | *-teni-, *-tenj- | |||
| 441 | 'mosquito' | *-tẽːhs- | |||
| 442 | 'alternate, differ' | *-tih- | |||
| 443 | 'skunk' | *tiɁɹ | |||
| 444 | 'nearby' | tjohskẽẽɁ | |||
| 445 | 'snake' | tjoɁxjẽtsihk | |||
| 446 | 'decay, rot, spoil' | *-tkẽː- | |||
| 447 | 'how, how many, how much' | *toːh | |||
| 448 | 'be certain, be exact, be true' | *-tokẽːh | |||
| 449 | 'stand' | *-toɁn- | |||
| 450 | 'bluejay' | *tɹiɁtɹiːɁ | |||
| 451 | 'beans' | *tsaheɁ, *-tsaheɁt- | |||
| 452 | 'bottle, gourd, jar' | *-tsheɁ, *-tsheɁt-, *-tsheɁw- | |||
| 453 | 'club, fist, knot' | *-tsihkʷ- | |||
| 454 | 'robin' | *tsiːhskʷoːɁkʷoːɁ | |||
| 455 | 'otter, seal' | *tsiːjẽh | |||
| 456 | 'salt' | *-tsikheɁt- | |||
| 457 | 'be male' | *-tsin | |||
| 458 | 'fire' | *-tsiːɹ | |||
| 459 | 'coal, ember, fire, spark' | *-tsist- | |||
| 460 | 'fox, lynx' | *tsitshoɁ | |||
| 461 | 'bile, green, yellow' | *-tsiɁnkʷaɹ- | |||
| 462 | 'bird' | *tsiɁtẽɁ | |||
| 463 | 'corn tassel' | *-tsiːɁtsiːɁ | |||
| 464 | 'seven' | *tsjatahk | |||
| 465 | 'tobacco' | *-tsjoːɹ- | |||
| 466 | 'six; seven' | *tsjotaɹeɁ | |||
| 467 | 'fish' | *-tsjõɁt- | |||
| 468 | 'be daughter-in-law' | *-tsoɁ | |||
| 469 | 'dream, sleep' | *-tsɹẽht- | |||
| 470 | 'put into the water' | *-uː- | |||
| 471 | 'remove from the water' | *-uːkʷ- | |||
| 472 | 'cover' | *-uːɹ- | |||
| 473 | 'splash water, sprinkle' | *-uːtsɹ- | |||
| 474 | 'whippoorwill' | *waɁkuhɹiːɁ | |||
| 475 | 'say, speak' | *-we- | |||
| 476 | 'language, voice, word' | *-wẽn- | |||
| 477 | 'thumb' | *-whjõhkaɹ- | |||
| 478 | 'young person' | *-wiːnõːh | |||
| 479 | 'baby, child, infant, offspring' | *-wiɹ- | |||
| 480 | 'arm, fin, wing' | *-wj- | |||
| 481 | 'wing' | *-wjahũtsh- | |||
| 482 | 'learn, teach' | *-wjẽhst- | |||
| 483 | 'know how, learn how' | *-wjẽhw-, *-wjẽw-, *-wjẽɁ- | |||
| 484 | 'craft, manner, skill, way' | *-wjẽn- | |||
| 485 | 'become capable, learn how' | *-wjʌ̃tehtaɁ- | |||
| 486 | 'be good' | *-wohst | |||
| 487 | 'air, wind' | *-wɹ- | |||
| 488 | 'arrow' | *-Ɂn- | |||
| 489 | 'bone' | *-Ɂnẽj- | |||
| 490 | 'egg' | *-Ɂnhõhs- | |||
| 491 | 'mind, spirit' | *-Ɂnikõhɹ- | |||
| 492 | 'be late, delay' | *-Ɂnitsko-, *-Ɂnitskʷ- | |||
| 493 | 'escape, flee, run away' | *-ɁnjakẽɁ- | |||
| 494 | 'nose' | *-Ɂnjõːhs- | |||
| 495 | 'be envious, be jealous, envy' | *-Ɂnonsh- | |||
| 496 | 'be powerful, be strong' | *-Ɂnshanst- | |||
| 497 | 'drown, fall into water' | *-ɁtskoɁ- | |||
| 498 | 'drag, drive, pull, ride' | *-Ɂtsɹ- |