Pole sports
Pole sports, or poling, merges dance and acrobatics using a vertical metal pole. Athletes climb up, spin from, hang off, flip onto, jump off, and invert on poles. Poling requires agility, strength, balance, endurance, and flexibility. A 2017 study of 52 female pole dancers indicated that pole-dance fitness improves strength and posture. Pole-sports athletes include men and women of a variety of ages and physical abilities, including para-athletes, who perform alone or with others.
Poling developed into a fitness activity and sport during the 1990s and 2000s, with national and international pole competitions. Poling has become a dance, fitness activity and sport, and continues to evolve. The International Pole Sports Federation, formed in 2009 by Tim Trautman and Katie Coates, is endeavoring to make poling an Olympic sport. The federation has held world championships since 2012, and poling was one of seven sports granted observer status by the Global Association of International Sports Federations in 2017. Professional pole-sports leagues have been formed, notably Oksana Grishina's O.G. Pole Fitness and the Pole Championship Series.
Poling involves technique as well as artistry. In a pole competition, each athlete performs a routine to music. Athletes are judged on their ability to perform complex movements, choreography, style, and expressiveness. Poles in IPSF pole-sports competitions are brass, 45mm in diameter, with 4m of usable height. In competition, athletes use a static pole and a spinning pole. Their skin helps performers grip the slippery poles, and athletes wear clothing which exposes the skin on their shoulders, waist, arms and legs. The IPSF requires competitors to cover their pelvis, gluteal muscles and breasts. When using Chinese poles, thicker clothing protects the body.
Background
Poles have been used in mallakhamba and circuses. Mallakhamba traces its origins to the 12th-century malla-yuddha, a type of wrestling in India. It commonly uses a wooden pole and a cotton rope. The practice has a spiritual component, involves acrobatic and yogic movements, and was first developed as a tool for wrestlers. Mallakhamba has developed into a contemporary sport:Mallakhamba has been demonstrated to improve mood. According to Qifeng and Xining, acrobatic Chinese pole-climbing was first mentioned 2,000 years ago. Its techniques arose from tree-climbing in agriculture. Chinese poling is an acrobatic activity which has been part of Cirque du Soleil and is taught for recreational purposes in aerial gyms, such as Aerial Athletica in Las Vegas. Although online articles and websites draw historical connections between the ancient activities and contemporary pole dance and pole sports, how much and in what ways mallakhamba and Chinese poling may have affected their development is unclear. Pole use in mallakhamba and Chinese poling has been used to argue that pole dance and pole sports are not inherently erotic, and may be suitable for youth. Online conversations suggest contemporary connections, such as the adoption of moves from Chinese poling by pole athletes.).
Researchers suggest other influences on contemporary pole sports, such as maypole dancing. Poling is commonly associated with striptease, and is perceived as evolving from exotic-dance clubs in North America during the 1980s. Not all exotic-dance clubs have poles, however, and not all exotic dancers make a pole central to their performance. Fitness model, performer and former exotic dancer Fawnia Mondey-Dietrich is often credited with developing the first instructional pole dance videos and classes during the 1990s. Classes in exotic pole, pole fitness and pole dance have been offered in exotic-dance clubs, bars, gyms and specialized pole studios. Mondey-Dietrich operates Pole Fitness Studio and hosts the annual Pole Expo in Las Vegas. Pole studios have also sprung up in Africa, Asia, Australia and Europe. They offer classes with erotic components and classes focused on fitness and athletics; Power Pole Sports offers training in competitive pole sports and judging.
Students in elementary pole classes learn how to perform spins, supporting their body weight with their hands. They then learn how to climb the pole, invert, and perform complicated maneuvers or tricks. Pole classes are physically challenging, and poling requires a high level of understanding how the body's points of contact work with the pole. As pole athletes develop skill, they can use fewer body points of contact with the pole and make more aerial moves without being on the ground. In addition to strength and flexibility, pole sports can be painful.
Poling has not developed into a fitness activity and sport without tension. Some feminists say that poling will always be symbolically linked to exotic dancing, is part of the larger sexualization of culture, and is objectifying. Pole classes have provided opportunities for students to bond with and support each other, however, and encourages athleticism. Poling has sex-positive aspects, may challenge gender and sexual stereotypes, and studies have indicated that polers can feel empowered. According to Silvia Grosso of Milan Pole Studio in Miami, poling is a challenging workout. Grosso believes that poling is more enjoyable and creative than a traditional gym, however, and she wants her studio to be part of a community in which students have the freedom to express themselves.
Disagreements have existed between exotic dancers and fitness-sport polers, who are trying to demonstrate that a pole can be more than erotic and belongs in other settings than strip clubs. Terminology can be controversial, and those trying to distance pole dancing from its erotic connotations refer to "pole fitness". Dancers have argued that distancing can be divisive and stigmatizing, ignoring contributions made by erotic dancers to poling. A Twitter debate occurred, with polers using the hashtag #notastripper to distance poling from exotic dance; erotic dancers and supporters used the hashtags #yesastripper and #eroticnotexotic. According to some polers, the pole community needs to come together and support all forms of poling.
Poling is practiced in classes, in professional and international competitions, and onstage in non-strip clubs; Felix Cane and others have performed in Cirque du Soleil. The IPSF hosts world competitions in pole sports and ultra, artistic and para pole.
Sport
Scholars of sport and leisure note a process in which physical activities develop into sports. According to Allen Guttman, modern sports are characterized by secularism, equality of opportunity, specialization of roles, rationalization, bureaucratic organization, quantification and the quest for records.Pole dance has become pole sports; the International Pole Sports Federation was founded in 2008, with national federations, competitive teams, formalized rules and a code of points. "Pole sports: This flagship discipline includes artistic elements but is based more heavily on athleticism and technical merit, and judged by an original Code of Points in line with other Olympic standard sports such as diving, ice skating and gymnastics."