The Philips PM5544 is a televisionpattern generator, most commonly used to provide a television station with a complex test card commonly referred to as a Philips Pattern or PTV Circle. The content and layout of the pattern was designed by engineer Finn Hendil in the Philips TV laboratory in Copenhagen under supervision of chief engineer Erik Helmer Nielsen in 1966–67. The equipment, the PM5544 Test Pattern Generator, which generates the pattern, was made by engineer Finn Hendil and his group in 1968–69. Since the introduction of the PM5544 in the early 1970s, the Philips Pattern has become one of the most commonly used test cards, with only the SMPTE bars, the BBCTest Card F and the Snell & WilcoxZone Plate coming close to its usage. The Philips Pattern was later incorporated into other test pattern generators from Philips itself, as well as test pattern generators from various other manufacturers. The BBC occasionally used a slightly modified version called Test Card G from 1971 until the late-1990s, in conjunction with Test Card F. The IBA initially used this card in the 1970s, alongside Test Card F, but eventually abandoned Test Card G and developed a unique test card called the ETP-1, which was brought into use on ITV from 1979 onwards. Many broadcasters using a 625-line PAL system used some form of the Philips Pattern. Since the Philips Pattern is geared towards the PAL colour-coding system, this test pattern is uncommon among NTSC broadcasters, though some, such as CBFT and CBMT in Canada, WBOY-TV and WNYW in the United States, DZBB-TV in the Philippines, Myawaddy TV in Myanmar, KBS and MBC in South Korea and TTV Main Channel, CTV Main Channel and CTS Main Channel in Taiwan have used a 525-line variant of it. The Japanese national broadcaster, NHK, also used a 525-line version of the test card, albeit with slight technical differences as compared to those used by the American and Canadian broadcasters so as to conform with the NTSC-J system. The Philips PM5544 was also in widespread use in Australia for many years, most notably with the ABC and SBS. Some commercial stations also used it. In New Zealand, it was used by TVNZ from the rollout of colour broadcasting. In the DACH countries, the PM5544 test card was used by the Austrian public broadcaster ORF and the German commercial terrestrial channelRTL. Use of the PM5544 in the DACH was solely confined to these two broadcasters as most TV stations in these areas instead preferred to use the Telefunken FuBK test card when they adopted colour television. In Spain, the PM5544 test card was used by the various autonomous and private channels since the early 1980s notably by TV3, El 33, Telemadrid, Antena 3, and Canal+ Spain, although not by the national public broadcaster TVE, which had used its own colour test card from 1975 until the early-2000s. In South Africa, the South African Broadcasting Corporation made use of the PM5544 pattern since they started testing their first television system in 1975, but independent broadcasters M-Net, which launched in 1986, and e.tv, which launched in 1998, opted not to. Saudi Broadcasting Authority in Saudi Arabia previously used a heavily modified version of the Philips PM5544 pattern from 1982 until 2009, with the side "brackets" removed and 1/4 of the top half of the PM5544 "circle" replaced with a white and black background and colour bars. Some television stations have also been seen to have included a digital clock and/or date, as well as the station logo or ID, inside the "circle" of the PM5544 test card. This practice is common in Asia and in some parts of Europe, as well as in South Africa. A widescreen-capable Philips Pattern generator, the PM5644, was introduced by Philips in the 1990s. The widescreen version of the test card retains the signals present in the original, and features additional signals to test further aspects of signal and picture quality, as well as overscan markings. As with its predecessor, the widescreen Philips Pattern was adopted by various other manufacturers of test pattern generators. Because of the number of manufacturers and generators made over the years to produce the Philips Pattern, various configurations and modifications exist. While the basic specifications normally remain consistent, there are often small variations to the Philips Pattern depending on the brand and type of generator used to produce it, as well as how the broadcaster has chosen to configure it.
