Perdicaris affair


The Perdicaris affair refers to the kidnapping of Greek-American playboy Ion "Jon" Hanford Perdicaris and his stepson, Cromwell Varley, a British subject, by Mulai Ahmed er Raisuli and his bandits on 18 May 1904 in Tangier, Morocco. Raisuli, leader of several hill tribes, demanded a ransom of $70,000, safe conduct, and control of two of Morocco's wealthiest districts from Sultan Abdelaziz of Morocco. During lengthy negotiations, he increased his demands to control of six districts.
Born in Greece in 1840 to the American ambassador and his wife, Perdicaris grew up mostly in New Jersey in the United States and was an American citizen. He had been living in Tangier since the 1870s. President Theodore Roosevelt felt obliged to react on his behalf in Morocco. Ultimately, he dispatched seven warships and several Marine companies to Tangier to convince the Sultan to accede to Raisuli's demands. Western European nations also reacted with force, with the United Kingdom, France, and Spain sending ships to back up the US in Morocco. John Hay, the American Secretary of State, issued a statement to the Republican National Convention in June 1904 that "This government wants Perdicaris alive or Raisuli dead."
Roosevelt's display of force in this incident is credited with helping the incumbent president win re-election later in 1904. After being released, Perdicaris moved with his family to England, settling in Tunbridge Wells.

Background

Ion Perdicaris' father, Gregory Perdicaris, was sponsored in 1826 as a young Greek to study in the United States by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. Perdicaris became a naturalized citizen of the US, and married the daughter of a wealthy family in South Carolina. In 1837 he returned to Greece, serving as the American ambassador. In 1840, his son Ion Perdicaris was born in Athens, Greece, while his father was serving as ambassador. The family returned to the United States in 1846, where the father at one time was a professor of Greek at Harvard University.
The family settled in Trenton, New Jersey, where Gregory Perdicaris became wealthy as one of the organizers of the Trenton Gas Company. The city was growing as an industrial center.
For many years, the son Ion lived the life of a dilettante. He entered the Harvard University class of 1860 but left at the end of his sophomore year and studied in Europe for a time. In 1862, because of the American Civil War, the family's property in South Carolina was in danger of confiscation by the government of the Confederate States of America. The younger Perdicaris traveled to Greece, intending to renounce his United States citizenship and acquire Greek nationality in order to avoid confiscation or being drafted into the Confederate States Army. This did not protect his property, and he left Athens.
After the war ended, Perdicaris lived in Trenton with his father. He published some articles in The Galaxy in 1868, before moving to England. There he studied electricity and related engineering. In 1871 in Malvern, England, Perdicaris met Ellen Varley, wife of the eminent British telegraph engineer C.F. Varley. Varley was away on cable business. Ellen and Perdicaris began an affair that resulted in Ellen leaving her husband. The Varleys formally divorced in 1873.
Ellen settled in Tangier with Perdicaris, and her two sons and two daughters from her first marriage. She and her family were all British subjects. Perdicaris built a house there in 1877 known as the "Place of Nightingales", as he collected a menagerie of exotic animals. Perdicardis dabbled in the arts and retained some ties to the US: In 1876, he exhibited a painting at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. In 1879, Perdicardis produced a play at the Fifth Avenue Theatre in New York City, but it was unsuccessful. After 1884, he lived permanently in Tangier. Fascinated by Moroccan culture, Perdicaris wrote several books on the country. He became the unofficial head of Tangier's foreign community. Serving as president of the Hygienic Commission in Tangier, he helped gain construction of a modern sanitation system for the city. He also maintained business interests in England and the United States, frequently visiting New York.
In 1886, Perdicaris filed a complaint of misconduct against Felix Mathews, then the American Consul General in Morocco. Mathews had refused to prosecute a Moroccan for rape who was under American protegé status. Perdicaris also wrote and distributed a pamphlet entitled "American Claims and the Protection of Native Subjects in Morocco" in London in response to the issue. The government arrested and fined Perdicaris for shielding a Moroccan from arrest.. Through Perdicaris' crusading, the incident made national headlines in the United States, and Mathews was removed from his position in March 1887.
Mulai Ahmed er Raisuli was a leader of several hill tribes near Tangier. In 1903, after five of his men were captured by the government, he held Walter Harris, a correspondent of The Times in Morocco, as hostage in exchange for the release of his men. After that success, Rasuli targeted Ion Perdicaris for kidnapping.

Kidnapping

On 18 May 1904, Perdicaris and Ellen's son Cromwell Varley, a British subject, were abducted from their summer home by Mulai Ahmed er Raisuli and a group of bandits. Raisuli ruled three hill tribes in Morocco. His men cut the telephone lines, knocked out several Perdicaris servants, and left Ellen at the house. She later was able to contact the embassy, and at 11:00pm, the American Consul General, Samuel Gummeré, arrived at the house.
The consuls of Great Britain was also notified. On 19 May, a cable from Gummeré reached the United States. It read:
As Raisuli's group traveled through the Rif Mountains, Perdicaris's horse fell and the American broke his leg. Raisuli demanded of Sultan Abdelaziz of Morocco a $55,000 ransom ; removal of government troops from the region and an end to its harassment of the Er-Rif people; the removal, arrest, and imprisonment of the Pasha of Tangier and several other government officials; release of certain political prisoners; and cession of control of two of Morocco's wealthiest districts. Raisuli later added the stipulation that the United States and England must guarantee meeting these demands.

American involvement

When the US was notified of the kidnapping, Secretary of State, John Hay, was out of town. Assistant Secretary of State, Francis B. Loomis, dealt with the crisis. He diverted seven of the sixteen American ships in the Mediterranean Sea on a "goodwill cruise" to Tangier. Angered by the kidnapping, President Theodore Roosevelt reacted with a show of force.
Hay described the demands as "preposterous". The following day the United States ordered Admiral French Ensor Chadwick to dispatch a ship from the South Atlantic Squadron to Tangier. On 20 May, the British dispatched a torpedo boat from Gibraltar to the city. On 21 May, representatives from the sultan were sent to begin negotiations with the captors. By 25 May, negotiations had yet to achieve anything. On 29 May, Raisuli threatened to kill the prisoners if his demands were not met in two days. The incident revealed internal tensions, as the foreign minister of Morocco allied with Raisuli's enemies. The Shereefs of Wazan were credited with progress in the negotiations. That same day, Theodore Frelinghuysen Jewell was ordered to dispatch three additional ships. When a messenger from the Sultan arrived at Rasuli's camp, he was sold to the highest bidder, and was executed by having his throat slit.
The armored cruiser and cruiser reached Tangier on 30 May, and Admiral Chadwick had a conference with the Sultan's representative. The next day, the gunboats and arrived, and France assured the United States they would do "all in their power to rescue the prisoners". On 1 June the ransom demand was increased to $70,000. Jewell arrived with,, and, bringing the total American ships in Tangier to seven, manned by several Marine companies, commanded by Major John Twiggs Myers. At the time, the gathering was the most numerous of American ships in any foreign port.
They were not to be used without express orders from Washington, as it was thought that any action by the Marines would lead to the deaths of the prisoners. The US planned to use them only to seize the custom-houses of Morocco, which supplied much of the nation's revenue, if the Moroccan government did not fulfill the demands of the United States. It insisted the government make the concessions necessary to persuade Raisuli to release Perdicaris, and to attack Raisuli if Perdicaris were killed. The only Marines to land in Morocco were a small detachment of a four men, carrying only sidearms. They were ordered to protect the Consulate and Mrs. Perdicaris. Two other US Marines were dispatched on 8 June to protect the Belgian legation.
On 30 May, A. H. Slocomb sent a letter to John Hay, claiming that Perdicaris was no longer an American citizen, having taken Greek citizenship. Though Roosevelt's resolve weakened, he decided to continue with the negotiations, as Raisuli believed that Perdicaris was an American citizen. Roosevelt tried to get Britain and France to join the U.S. in a combined military action to rescue Perdicaris, but the two countries refused. Instead, the two powers were covertly recruited to put pressure on the Sultan to accept Raisuli's demands. On 2 June the arrived in port, and tensions rose to the point that there were fears of an uprising in the city.

Tensions escalate

On 6 June, the and arrived, due to fears that the United States might force Morocco to give them a port. In response to the request of the British minister in Morocco, left Gibraltar on 7 June. That same day, President Roosevelt received confirmation that Perdicaris had registered in Athens as a Greek citizen. Negotiations continued and on 8 May, the Sultan granted Raisuli's demands, appointing Herid el Barrada as governor of Tangier. Angry tribesmen raided the home of an Englishman. Negotiations dragged on. The government removed its troops from Raisuli's region on 9 June. On 14 June, an attempt was made to kidnap the Italian consul. On 15 June, Raisuli increased his demands to be given control of six, rather than two districts of Morocco.
On 19 June the Sultan accepted Raisuli's demands, with the date of release of captives set for 21 June. On 20 June, a hitch in negotiations occurred. Zelai, governor of an inland tribe, refused to act as intermediary. On 21 or 22 June the ransom money was deposited. On 22 June, Raisuli demanded another district for his control. Though a settlement had already been reached, a cable from Gummeré accusing the Sultan of holding up negotiations.
Seeing the need to act, Hay issued a statement to the Republican National Convention, that was read by Joseph Gurney Cannon: "We want Perdicaris alive or Raisuli dead." While it was clear that the convention would nominate the incumbent Roosevelt as the Republican candidate, Hay's statement electrified the Convention. One Kansas delegate exclaimed, "Roosevelt and Hay know what they're doing. Our people like courage. We'll stand for anything those men do." After being nominated, Roosevelt easily won election in the fall of 1904. Perdicaris was home by 24 June, after most of Raisuli's demands were met.
Perdicaris wrote a narrative of his captivity while held by Raisuli. It was published in Leslie's Weekly, followed by National Geographic, gaining a large audience. After his release, Perdicaris admitted he was no longer an American citizen. While he had received Greek citizenship, he never lived in Athens for the required two years, and never renounced his American citizenship. The State Department concluded that Perdicaris had not "ever effectively acquired Greek, nor divested himself of American, citizenship." He was later issued a United States passport as an American citizen.
Despite the circumstances, Perdicaris came to admire and befriend Raisuli, who had pledged to protect his prisoner from any harm. Perdicaris later said: "I go so far as to say that I do not regret having been his prisoner for some time... He is not a bandit, not a murderer, but a patriot forced into acts of brigandage to save his native soil and his people from the yoke of tyranny." Twenty-first century historians, such as Jeffrey D. Simon, suggested that Perdicaris displayed Stockholm syndrome in identifying with his captor.
The Sultan of Morocco was required to pay the $70,000 ransom, and a further $4,000 to the United States to cover its expenses. Newspapers including The New York Times published editorials suggesting that France had to 'impose order' in the country. France intervened several times in Morocco's affairs in ensuing decades.

Aftermath

Perdicaris and his family moved to England shortly after the incident, eventually settling in Tunbridge Wells. He occasionally returned to Trenton, where he maintained business interests. Perdicaris Place, off West State Street in Trenton, is named for him and his father. Ion Perdicaris died in London in 1925. Raisuli used the money he gained from ransoming Perdicaris to build his palace, nick-named the "House of Tears". Perdicaris published an autobiography in 1921, titled The Hand of Fate.
The details of the incident were kept secret until 1933, when historian Tyler Dennett mentioned the crisis in his biography of John Hay. In 1975, Thomas H. Etzold described the kidnapping as "the most famous protection case in American history."

Popular culture

"Hostages to Momus", a short story by the American author O. Henry, was inspired by the kidnapping of Ion Perdicaris. In the story, the character "Burdick Harris," a Greek citizen, stands for him.. The humorous story was written shortly after the incident.
The story of Ion Perdicaris's kidnapping was loosely adapted to film in the 1975 motion picture The Wind and the Lion, with Sean Connery in the role of Raisuli and Brian Keith as Roosevelt. However, to add some glamour to the tale, the 64-year-old bearded hostage was replaced with attractive young "Eden Pedecaris", played by Candice Bergen. The film incorrectly showed US Marines invading Morocco and battling soldiers of the German Empire, but it succeeded in presenting the personality of Raisuli and his interaction with his prisoners.