Pennsylvania in the American Revolution
was the site of key events and places related to the American Revolution. The state, and especially the city of Philadelphia, played a critical role in the American Revolution.
Founding Father Robert Morris said, "You will consider Philadelphia, from its centrical situation, the extent of its commerce, the number of its artificers, manufactures and other circumstances, to be to the United States what the heart is to the human body in circulating the blood."
The American Revolution included both the political and social development of the Thirteen Colonies of British America, and the Revolutionary War. John Adams wrote to Thomas Jefferson in 1815: "What do We mean by the Revolution? The War? That was no part of the Revolution. It was only an Effect and Consequence of it. The Revolution was in the Minds of the People, and this was effected, from 1760 to 1775, in the course of fifteen Years before a drop of blood was drawn at Lexington. The Records of thirteen Legislatures, the Pamphlets, Newspapers in all the Colonies ought be consulted, during that Period, to ascertain the Steps by which the public opinion was enlightened and informed concerning the Authority of Parliament over the Colonies."
by Benjamin Franklin, published in The Pennsylvania Gazette'' was the first political cartoon in America
Military
- Pennsylvania Line of the Continental Army
- Pennsylvania Militia Units
- First Troop Philadelphia City Cavalry - The oldest continuously serving unit in the United States military
- Pennsylvania Navy
Government
- Pennsylvania Provincial Conference
- Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776
- Supreme Executive Council of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
Key events
- Philadelphia Tea Party
- First Continental Congress
- Continental Association created
- Petition to the King ratified
- Second Continental Congress
- Hanna's town resolves
- Olive Branch Petition
- Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms
- Continental Marines formed by act of Congress with the following decree:
- Pennsylvania Provincial Conference
- The Lee Resolution
- Declaration of Independence
- George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River to attack the Crown Forces' German auxiliaries at Trenton. The decisive American victory was a significant morale boost to the demoralized, shrinking American army that was teetering on collapse due to impending enlistment expirations. The American victory at Trenton, together with American victories at the Battle of the Assunpink Creek and the Battle of Princeton helped inspire the Patriots and keep the Continental Army intact.
- Continental Congress adopts the 13-star US flag: "Resolved, That the flag of the thirteen United States be thirteen stripes, alternate red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new constellation."
- Philadelphia Campaign
- Conway Cabal
- Battle of Brandywine - the largest battle of the American Revolution by number of troops engaged, and the longest single-day battle of the war, with continuous fighting for 11 hours
- * During the battle, famed British army marksman Patrick Ferguson, leading the Experimental Rifle Corps equipped with fast breech-loading Ferguson rifles, had the chance to shoot a prominent American officer, accompanied by another in distinctive hussar dress, but decided not to do so, as the man had his back to him and was unaware of his presence. A surgeon told Ferguson in the hospital that some American casualties had said that General Washington had been in the area at the time. Ferguson wrote that, even if the officer were the general, he did not regret his decision. The officer's identity remains uncertain; historians suggest that the aide in hussar dress might indicate the senior officer was Count Casimir Pulaski.
- * Brandywine was the first battlefield command of Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette. The American retreat was well-organized, largely due to his efforts. Although wounded, he created a rally point that allowed for a more orderly retreat before being treated for his wound. Lafayette returned to visit Brandywine during his Grand tour of the United States in 1824–25, after which he was returned to France aboard the USS Brandywine.
- * In addition to Lafayette, Polish Count Casimir Pulaski was another foreign officer present at Brandywine — his first military engagement against the British. When the Continental Army troops began to yield, he reconnoitered with Washington's bodyguard of about 30 men, and reported that the enemy were endeavoring to cut off the line of retreat. Washington ordered him to collect, as many as possible, the scattered troops who came his way, and employ them according to his discretion to secure the retreat of the army. His subsequent charge averted a disastrous defeat of the Continental Army cavalry, earning him fame in America and saved the life of George Washington. As a result, on September 15, 1777, on the orders of Congress, Washington made Pulaski a brigadier general in the Continental Army cavalry. At that point, the cavalry was only a few hundred men strong organized into four regiments. These men were scattered among numerous infantry formations, and used primarily for scouting duties. Pulaski immediately began work on reforming the cavalry, and wrote the first regulations for the formation.
- Battle of the Clouds - an aborted engagement in the area surrounding present day Malvern, Pennsylvania. After the American defeat at the Battle of Brandywine, the British Army remained encamped near Chadds Ford. When British commander William Howe was informed that the weakened American force was less than ten miles away, he decided to press for another decisive victory. George Washington learned of Howe's plans, and prepared for battle. Before the two armies could fully engage, a torrential downpour ensued. Significantly outnumbered, and with tens of thousands of cartridges ruined by the rain, Washington opted to retreat. Bogged down by rain and mud, the British allowed Washington and his army to withdraw. The storm, which historian Thomas McGuire describes as "a classic nor'easter," raged well into the next day.
- Battle of Paoli
- Siege of Fort Mifflin
- * Explosion and destruction of HMS Augusta - an explosion that smashed windows in Philadelphia and was heard 30 miles away
- Battle of Germantown
- Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union created
- Battle of White Marsh
- Battle of Matson's Ford
- Valley Forge winter encampment of the Continental Army
- Battle of Crooked Billet
- The Meschianza - an elaborate fête given in honor of British General Sir William Howe in Philadelphia on May 18, 1778
- Battle of Barren Hill
- Carlisle Peace Commission
- The Big Runaway
- Wyoming Valley battle and massacre
- Treaty of Fort Pitt - the first written treaty between the new United States of America and any American Indians—the Lenape in this case
- An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery passed by the Pennsylvania legislature - one of the first attempts by a government in the Western Hemisphere to begin an abolition of slavery
- Sugarloaf Massacre
- Pennsylvania Line Mutiny
- Convention Army moved to Pennsylvania in 1781 - an army of British and allied troops captured after the Battles of Saratoga. They were held prisoner at in York County, PA. Located in present-day Springettsbury Township.
- Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783
Key historical sites, museums, and institutions
Battlefields
- Battle of Brandywine - parts of the vast battlefield, largely on private property, are preserved as municipal parks, trail easements, and preservation easements.
- * - Established in 2010, the Footpath at Birmingham Hill allows public access to a portion of the Brandywine Battlefield National Historic Landmark. The Footpath follows a 1.1 mile trail.
- * Birmingham Friends Meetinghouse - Across the street from the Birmingham Hill trail. During the Battle of Brandywine, the British forces attempted to flank the Continental forces under General George Washington. The Continental forces rushed north to meet the British in the area of the meetinghouse. It was used as a hospital first for the Americans, and after the battle for British officers. The stone wall around the cemetery was used as a defensive position by the Americans. After the battle, dead British and American soldiers shared a common grave in the cemetery, which is now marked by a memorial stone.
- * - 42 acres of preserved open space, much as it was in 1777, allows public access for passive recreation to a portion of the Brandywine Battlefield National Historic Landmark. Established in 2002, the park has a 1.1 mile asphalt path for pedestrians.
- * Chad House - historic house on the battlefield - near the beginning of the battle. Artillery fire was exchanged by both sides around the house.
- * Dilworthtown - site of the end of the battle
- * William Brinton 1704 House - fighting and troop movements at the end of battle occurred around this house
- * Brandywine Battlefield Historic Site - Historic park and museum that includes headquarters locations of Generals Washington and Lafayette from the Battle of Brandywine.
- Battle of Germantown
- * Cliveden - Site of part of the Battle of Germantown.
- * Wyck House - served as a hospital during the battle
- * Peter Wentz Homestead - historic site that served as headquarters for the Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army George Washington before and after the Battle of Germantown, October 2–4 and 16–21, 1777
- Siege of Fort Mifflin
- * Fort Mifflin - Site of the Siege of Fort Mifflin, which delayed the entry of the British Navy into the Port of Philadelphia, allowing the successful repositioning of the Continental Army for the Battle of White Marsh and subsequent withdrawal to Valley Forge. Modified over time for changing needs of the Army, some of the original Revolutionary War walls are preserved in the fort's expanded walls. Marks from artillery that sieged the fort are visible.
- Battle of Paoli
- * - Site of the Paoli Massacre.
- Battle of White Marsh
- * Fort Washington State Park - Preserves part of the site of the Battle of White Marsh.
- Battle of Wyoming
- * Wyoming Monument - monument located at the battle site
Museums, parks and other historic sites
- - site of the 1781 to 1783 Prisoner of War camp for prisoners from the Convention Army taken at the Battles of Saratoga - Crown forces.
- Carpenters' Hall - Meeting site of First Continental Congress.
- Fort Pitt Museum
- George Taylor House
- Gen. Horatio Gates House and Golden Plough Tavern - Historic site and interpretive center centered around the Continental Congress's temporary relocation from Philadelphia to York, where the Articles of Confederation were drafted and adopted.
- Graeme Park, including the Keith House, the only surviving residence of a colonial-era Pennsylvania governor and later a headquarters of George Washington
- Hope Lodge
- Independence National Historical Park
- Moland House Historic Park
- Museum of the American Revolution - Museum presenting the history of the American Revolution through interpretive programs, permanent exhibits, and temporary exhibits.
- Summerseat, also known as the George Clymer House and Thomas Barclay House, is a historic house museum. Built about 1770, it is the only house known to have been owned by two signers of the United States Declaration of Independence, George Clymer and Robert Morris, and as a headquarters of General George Washington during the Revolutionary War.
- Thaddeus Kosciuszko National Memorial - Historic site commemorating and interpreting the contributions of Tadeusz Kościuszko - Continental Army general and engineer.
- Valley Forge National Historical Park - National Park Service unit preserving the site and interpreting the history of the Valley Forge Encampment of the Continental Army, 1777–1778, including Washington's Headquarters.
- Washington Crossing Historic Park - Historic site and museum interpreting the crossing of the Delaware River by the Continental Army, December 25–26, 1776, for its surprise attack on Trenton.
Libraries, archives, and historical societies
- American Philosophical Society - in addition to current holdings, the David Library of the American Revolution will be transferring its extensive collection to the society, establishing the David Center for the American Revolution at the American Philosophical Society in 2020. The David Library's location in Washington Crossing, PA closes December 31, 2019.
- Historical Society of Pennsylvania - extensive historical archives and book holdings related to Pennsylvania history. Located on the same block as the Library Company of Philadelphia.
- Library Company of Philadelphia - Library founded by Benjamin Franklin with extensive historical archives and book holdings, as well as exhibits. Located on the same block as the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
Other
- Tomb of the Unknown Revolutionary War Soldier
- Washington–Rochambeau Revolutionary Route - National Historic Trail established in 2009 that passes through Pennsylvania, interpreting and marking the route of forces under generals George Washington and Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau during their 1781 march from Newport, Rhode Island to the site of the decisive Siege of Yorktown, Virginia.
Significant documents originating in Pennsylvania during the Revolution
- Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania - a series of essays written by the Pennsylvania lawyer and legislator John Dickinson, leading up to the start of the Revolutionary War
- Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress
- Petition to the King - a petition sent to King George III by the First Continental Congress, calling for repeal of the Intolerable Acts
- Letters to the inhabitants of Canada
- Olive Branch Petition - adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 5, 1775, and signed on July 8, in a final attempt to avoid a full-scale war between Great Britain and the Thirteen Colonies in America
- Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms
- Common Sense - pamphlet by Thomas Paine
- Declaration of Independence
- Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776
- The American Crisis - pamphlet series by Thomas Paine
- Articles of Confederation - adopted by the Continental Congress at their temporary meeting location of York, PA while Philadelphia was under occupation by Crown forces
- Treaty of Fort Pitt
- An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery
- The Captivity of Benjamin Gilbert and His Family, 1780-83 - a captivity narrative by William Walton relating the experiences of a Quaker family of settlers near Mauch Chunk in present-day Carbon County, Pennsylvania.
- Pennsylvania Archives
Key people
- Ann Bates - loyalist spy
- William Bradford
- Dr. Thomas Cadwalader
- Benjamin Chew
- George Clymer
- John Dickinson - Solicitor and politician, known as the "Penman of the Revolution" for his twelve Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, published individually in 1767 and 1768. Member of the First Continental Congress, signee to the Continental Association, drafted most of the 1774 Petition to the King, member of the Second Continental Congress, wrote the 1775 Olive Branch Petition. When these two attempts to negotiate with King George III of Great Britain failed, Dickinson reworked Thomas Jefferson's language and wrote the final draft of the 1775 Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms. When Congress then decided to seek independence from Great Britain, Dickinson served on the committee that wrote the Model Treaty, and then wrote the first draft of the 1776–1777 Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union. Later served as President of the 1786 Annapolis Convention, which called for the Constitutional Convention of 1787. Dickinson attended the Convention as a delegate from Delaware. He also wrote "The Liberty Song" in 1768, was a militia officer during the American Revolution, President of Delaware, President of Pennsylvania.
- Thomas Fitzsimons
- Benjamin Franklin - author, printer, political theorist, politician, scientist, inventor, humorist, civic activist, statesman, and diplomat. U.S. Ambassador to France. President of Pennsylvania. Signer of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution.
- Joseph Galloway - Delegate to the First Continental Congress, Loyalist
- Gen. Edward Hand
- Jared Ingersoll - lawyer, statesman, delegate to the Continental Congress, signer of the United States Constitution
- Brigadier General William Irvine
- Timothy Matlack
- Brigadier General Hugh Mercer
- Major General Thomas Mifflin
- William Montgomery
- Robert Morris - Signer of the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the Constitution. Superintendent of Finance of the United States. Known as the "Financier of the Revolution."
- John Morton - Delegate to the Continental Congress, signatory to the Continental Association and the Declaration of Independence. Provided the swing vote that allowed Pennsylvania to vote in favor of the Declaration of Independence. Chaired the committee that wrote the Articles of Confederation.
- Peter Muhlenberg
- Samuel Nicholas
- Joseph Reed - Delegate to the Continental Congress, signed the Articles of Confederation, President of Pennsylvania's Supreme Executive Council
- George Ross
- Dr. Benjamin Rush - Signer of the Declaration of Independence, a civic leader in Philadelphia, physician, politician, social reformer, humanitarian, educator, founder of Dickinson College
- Peggy Shippen - Spy and second wife of Major General Benedict Arnold
- Major General Arthur St. Clair
- Gen. Walter Stewart
- George Taylor
- Samuel Van Leer - well known local ironmaster, supplier for army during the war and officer. His Warwick Furnace Farms mansion was used for musket repairs after the battle of Battle of Brandywine.
- Brigadier General Anthony Wayne
- Benjamin West
- Thomas Wharton Jr.
- James Wilson - Signer of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution. Member of the Continental Congress, and a major force in drafting the U.S. Constitution. A leading legal theorist, he was one of the six original justices appointed by George Washington to the Supreme Court of the United States.
- Sarah Wister - A girl living in Pennsylvania during the American Revolution who was the author of Sally Wister's Journal, a firsthand account of life in the nearby countryside during the British occupation of Philadelphia in 1777–78.
Legacy and influence: Colony to super-power
The Revolutionary War entangled Great Britain in conflict with its rival empires of France and Spain; and also ignited open conflict between Great Britain and the United Provinces of the Netherlands.
Ultimately, the Declaration of Independence would influence many similar declarations of independence for over two-hundred years. The U.S. Declaration of Independence was considered dangerous to imperial power by some, and the Spanish-American authorities banned the circulation of the Declaration. In the Russian Empire, the full text of the Declaration of Independence was outlawed until the reign and reform era of Tsar Alexander II.
Preservation and memorialization
Nineteen Pennsylvania counties are named for military and political figures from the American Revolution: Adams, Armstrong, Bradford, Butler, Crawford, Fayette, Franklin, Greene, Jefferson, Luzerne, McKean, Mercer, Mifflin, Monroe, Potter, Sullivan, Warren, Washington, and Wayne counties.A convention held in Independence Hall in 1915, presided over by former US president William Howard Taft, marked the formal announcement of the formation of the League to Enforce Peace, which led to the League of Nations and eventually the United Nations. The building is part of Independence National Historical Park and has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1979.
The site of the Valley Forge winter encampment has been a National Historical Park since it was given as a gift to the nation during the U.S. bicentennial, and transferred from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania to the National Park Service in 1976.
The American Battlefield Trust is working with various organizations and governments in Pennsylvania to preserve battlefields of the American Revolution, including Brandywine battlefield. As of the 2010s, Chester County's government is working with the local municipalities at the sites of the Battles of Brandywine, Paoli and the Clouds, to preserve key areas in the increasingly-dense suburban communities.
Many monuments and memorials exist throughout Pennsylvania dedicated to revolutionary-era figures, events, and war dead. Examples include the Tomb of the Unknown Revolutionary War Soldier in Philadelphia; the National Memorial Arch, in Valley Forge National Historical Park, Chester County — a monument built to celebrate the arrival of the Continental Army at Valley Forge; various battle monuments at Brandywine, Paoli, Wyoming, and elsewhere; and numerous statues across the state.
Several lineage societies related to the revolution currently have an organized presence in Pennsylvania, including the , Sons of the Revolution, Sons of the American Revolution, Daughters of the American Revolution, Children of the American Revolution, and Society of the Cincinnati.