Paul Goldberg studied geology at the University of Colorado where he obtained his bachelor's degree in 1965. He continued his study of geology at the University of Michigan in 1968 where he graduated with a Masters in Science. He completed his Ph.D. in geology at University of Michigan in 1973. His Doctorate study focused on Sedimentology, Stratigraphy and Paleoclimatology from et-Tabun Cave, Mount Carmel, Israel. His Ph.D. advisor was Professor William R. Farrand, also a geologist. His mentor in archaeology was Professor Henry Wright at Michigan University.
Goldberg has undertaken fieldwork all over the world. His field researching has taken him to over 50 micromorphology locations around the world. In the summer of 1966 he did fieldwork in the Rhine Valley, France, researching loess as a field assistant to W. R. Farrand. During the summers of 1967 to 1970 he worked with A. J. Jelinek, a director working on stratigraphy and sedimentology in cave deposits with University of Michigan and Arizona Tabun Cave dig. In the summer of 1978 Goldberg, worked with director Y. Shiloh at the City of David dig in Jerusalem focusing on geology of Hellenistic sediments. In May 1980 Goldberg and director M.A.J. Williams researched micromorphology of sediments at Shaw's Creek Rockshelter in Australia. From 1989 to 1998 Goldberg did field research with R. I. Macphail at Gorham's Cave dig at Gibraltar with director C. Stringer. The focus on the work was on sedimentology, stratigraphy also palaeoenvironments associated with cave components. From 1991 and 1994 and then 1997 to 1999 Goldberg worked with B. Driskell, an expert on sedimentology with microstratigraphy. The focus was the site formation processes in Dust Cave, Alabama. From 1992 to 1995 Goldberg did field research with directors F. Grine and R. Klein in the area of geology, with a focus on micromorphology and stratigraphy in the Die Kelders Cave in South Africa. From 1992 to 1996 Goldberg and director I. Yalcinkaya focused on the micromorphology and sedimentology of cave components from a dig in Karain and the Okuzini Caves in Turkey. From May 1996 to 1997, Goldberg worked with O. Bar-Yosef and Steve Weiner in studying the micromorphology of the sediments from the Zhoukoudian Cave in China. From August 1999 to 2002 Goldberg and director N. Conrad worked on microstratigraphy and micromorphology in the Upper Palaeolithic Hohle Fels and the Geissenklösterle Caves in Germany. In January 1980 Goldberg and SUNY-Stony Brook graduate student, Jenna Cole, conducted research on the micromorphology and microstratigraphy from the Middle Stone Age in the Blombos Cave in South Africa with the director, Dr. C. Henshilwood. In August 2001, Goldberg studied with D. Adler and O. Bar-Yosef on geoarchaeology during the Palaeolithic era and attended digs in the Republic of Georgia at Ortvale Klade, Dzudzuana. In November 2005, O. Bar-Yosef and S. Weiner worked on the dig of microstratigraphy of the Early Neolithic Era at Yuchanyan, Hunan Province in China. In August 2006, Goldberg and director Enrique Baquedano collected micromorphological components during a Middle Palaeolithic dig at Pinilla del Valle in Spain.