The term is etymologically connected to πάππος or παπᾶς. It is first attested in a seal dated to circa 550–650, and next recorded in the chronicle of Theophanes the Confessor for the year 780. There were three papiai, all eunuchs: one for the Great Palace itself, and two others for its adjuncts, the Magnaura and the palace of Daphne. The latter was created by Emperor Michael III, while the former is attested only in Philotheos's Kletorologion of 899. The papias of the Great Palace was a very important official. Often styled "grand papias", and usually holding the rank of protospatharios, he was the concierge of the palace and responsible for its security. He held the keys to the doors of the palace and opened them every morning together with the megas hetaireiarches. He thus controlled physical access to the imperial quarters, and was an important element in any conspiracy against the Byzantine emperor's life, as demonstrated in the usurpations of Michael II in 820 and Basil I in 867. It is possible that initially the other two papiai were subordinate to the papias of the Great Palace. Like all senior palace functionaries, the papias of the Great Palace also fulfilled certain ceremonial duties. Aside from the ritual unlocking of the palace doors, he for instance formally ended the daily imperial audiences by rattling the keys, the symbol of his office. At ceremonies for the promotion of officials, he censed the main audience hall of the Chrysotriklinos and the Byzantine emperor, and on August 1, he carried a cross in procession through the streets of the capital, visiting the most wealthy citizens and receiving donations. By the 12th century, the papias was probably opened up to non-eunuchs as well. New papiai for the Chalke and the new Blachernae Palace are also attested in the 12th century. In the Palaiologan period, the megas papias became a specific dignity awarded to senior members of the aristocracy. In the 13th century, it was probably an actual office, but it became a purely honorary title in the 14th century. In the mid-14th century Book of Offices of Pseudo-Kodinos, the title occupies the 22nd position in the Byzantine imperial hierarchy, and its insignia were: a wooden staff with alternating gold and red-gold knobs, a skiadionhat with embroidery of the klapoton type, another type of hat called skaranikon of white and goldsilk with gold-wire embroidery and images of the Byzantine emperor in the front and back, and a silk robe of office or kabbadion.
Subordinate officials
The papiai were in charge of an extensive staff detailed to the cleaning, lighting, and general maintenance of the each palace, aided by a deputy, the Deuteros, who was separately responsible for the safekeeping of imperial furniture and insignia. The subordinates of the papias included:
The diaitarioi. They were chamberlains responsible for the various rooms of each palace. They were also known as hebdomadarioi, apparently because they worked in weekly shifts. Further, diaitairioi of various buildings of the Great Palace complex are also attested in the 10th century: of the palaces of Daphne and Magnaura, the halls of the Consistory, the Ostiarikon, the Stratorikion, and the Nineteen Couches and of the palace chapels of St. Stephen and the Theotokos.
The various lower servants: loustai responsible for the baths, the kandelaptai in charge of lighting, the kamenades or kaldarioi in charge of heating, and the horologoi in charge of clocks. The functions of another category, the zarabai, are unclear.
Nicolas Oikonomides also adds the minsourator, an official in charge of the Byzantine emperor's tent on campaign, to the subordinates of the papias. Similar staffs must have also existed for the papiai of the Magnaura and the Daphne Palace.
