The Over-the-Counter Hearing Aid Act of 2017 was a law passed by the 115th United States Congress as a rider on the FDA Reauthorization Act of 2017. It created a class of hearing aids regulated by the Food and Drug Administration available directly to consumers without involvement from a licensed professional.
History
Hearing loss affects approximately 466 million individuals worldwide and is most concentrated among older adults. Approximately half of adults in the US age 60+ have some degree of hearing loss. Despite hearing loss' impact on communication, social functioning, and economic productivity across the life course, hearing aid uptake is no higher than 50% - even in settings where costs are covered by insurance. Barriers to addressing hearing loss in the U.S. include stigma, financial costs, and navigating a confusing array of healthcare providers and products to diagnose and treat hearing impairment. In the years leading up to the OTC Hearing Aid Act, the U.S. Institute of Medicine, U.S. National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine, President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology, and U.S. Federal Trade Commission convened committees and workshops examining interventions to increase awareness of hearing loss as a public health problem and access to acceptable, safe, and effective treatment options. From these workshops, allowing direct sale of regulated hearing aids produced by consumer electronics companies emerged as a strategy to promote increased access to hearing loss treatments. In March 2017, Representative Joe Kennedy III and Senator Elizabeth Warren introduced Over-the-Counter Hearing Aid bills in the U.S. House of Representatives and Senate, respectively. These bills were incorporated into the FDA Reauthorization Act of 2017 which was ratified in August 2017.
Provisions
The law defined the newly-created category of OTC hearing aids as devices using air conduction and/or wireless air conduction to improve hearing among adults with "perceived mild to moderate hearing impairment." Devices that modify or amplify sound for people with normal hearing are not classified as OTC hearing aids. To ensure safety and effectiveness, the FDA was charged with developing guidelines for how they should function, labeling and marketing standards, and conditions of sale. The Act required the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services to document adverse events associated with OTC hearing aids. The FDA was further tasked with implementing rules regarding the extent of pre-marketing approval required before OTC hearing aids can be sold commercially.
Implementation
In October 2018, the FDA approved the first regulated direct-to-consumer hearing aid, the Bose Hearing Aid, under de-novo premarket review pathway provisions established in the Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act of 1997 and 21st Century Cures Act's; regulations under the OTC Hearing Aid Act were not yet published.One year later, the FDA deemed certain and hearing aid-related diagnostic tests and devices exempt from 510 pre-market notification requirements. The entry of additional regulated OTC hearing aids, and evaluation of adverse events associated with these devices are forthcoming.
Reception
The OTC Hearing Aid Act provisions were met with support and concern regarding its effects on consumer safety, patient care, and hearing-related professions. Some advocacy organizations, consumer electronics companies, and trade organizations supported the Act, citing telehealth advances, competitive pricing, and recent device improvements as opportunities to widen access to hearing loss treatments. At the same time, the absence of a clear regulatory pathway detailing manufacturing, safety, and effectiveness standards for OTC hearing aids was raised as barrier to successful roll-out of OTC hearing devices. Detractors maintained that current unmet need in hearing loss treatment will not be met by regulating OTC hearing devices. Members of the public and hearing-related professional organizations expressed concerns over the prudence of creating a potentially sub-par class of devices in the absence of evidenced-based practices in patient-directed diagnosis and treatment. Given their lower level of regulation, OTC devices have greater potential to be misused and damage brain function. In its current form, the Act omits support from licensed professionals, which has been found to improve patient satisfaction and product retention. Patient advocates noted that the Act does nothing for individuals with moderately-severe to profound hearing loss. Additionally, the creation of an OTC hearing device class may motivate insurance carriers to drop hearing aid coverage altogether.
