, the local Māori chief in the 1830s, sold land at Okiato to a British merchant and ship owner, Captain James Reddy Clendon, who settled there in 1832 and set up a trading station with partner Samuel Stephenson. Clendon became the first United States Consul for New Zealand in 1838 or 1839. When the Treaty of Waitangi was signed in 1840, Lieutenant-Governor William Hobson instructed the Surveyor-General, Felton Mathew, to report on possible locations for a capital in the Bay of Islands. Clendon's property met the requirements for a good anchorage and immediate availability of land suitable for subdivision and on-sale to settlers. Kororāreka was discounted as it had insufficient available land, and locations such as Paihia and Kerikeri were bypassed for various reasons. Clendon wanted 23,000 pounds for the 1.24 km² of land, the house, two small cottages, a large store and other buildings. Hobson eventually secured it for 15,000 pounds. He changed its name from Okiato to Russell, in honour of the Secretary of State for the Colonies, Lord John Russell. Hobson and his family moved there in May 1840 and officials, troops, workmen and immigrants took up residence in permanent or temporary buildings and tents. Mathew drew up ambitious plans for a town, but only one of the intended roads was ever built – leading directly from the town hall to the town jail. A year later in 1841 New Zealand was established as a separate colony from New South Wales and Hobson moved the capital to Auckland and most of the Russell residents moved there too. A few officials lived on in the Government House at Russell but when it and the offices burned down in May 1842, they moved to Kororāreka leaving Russell virtually deserted. Kororāreka was part of the Port of Russell and gradually became known as Russell also. In January 1844 Governor Robert FitzRoy officially designated Kororāreka as part of the township of Russell. Now the name Russell applies only to the erstwhile Kororāreka while Okiato has resumed its original name.
Demographics
The statistical area of Russell Peninsula, which at 26 square kilometres is larger than this locality, covers the peninsula but not the town of Russell itself. It had a population of 606 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 81 people since the 2013 census, and an increase of 114 people since the 2006 census. There were 267 households. There were 315 males and 291 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.08 males per female. Of the total population, 60 people were aged up to 15 years, 51 were 15 to 29, 285 were 30 to 64, and 210 were 65 or older. Figures may not add up to the total due to rounding. Ethnicities were 90.6% European/Pākehā, 12.9% Māori, 0.0% Pacific peoples, 3.5% Asian, and 2.5% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity. The percentage of people born overseas was 33.7, compared with 27.1% nationally. Although some people objected to giving their religion, 58.4% had no religion, 28.2% were Christian, and 4.5% had other religions. Of those at least 15 years old, 126 people had a bachelor or higher degree, and 93 people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $25,600. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 201 people were employed full-time, 81 were part-time, and 15 were unemployed.
