In linguistic typology, object–verb–subject or object–verb–agent is a rare permutation of word order. OVS denotes the sequence object–verb–subject in unmarked expressions: Oranges ate Sam, Thorns have roses. While the passive voice in English may appear to be in the OVS order, this is not an accurate description. In an active voice sentence, for example Sam ate the oranges, the grammatical subject, Sam, is the agent, who is acting on the patient, the oranges, which are the object of the verbate. In the passive voice, The oranges were eaten by Sam, the order is reversed so that patient is followed by verb, followed by agent. However, the oranges become the subject of the verb were eaten which is modified by the prepositional phraseby Sam, which expresses the agent, maintaining the usual subject–verb– order. OVS sentences in English can be parsed when relating an adjective to a noun although here cold is a predicative adjective, not an object. Rare examples of valid, if idiomatic, English use of OVS typology are the poetic hyperbaton "Answer gave he none", and "What say you?" These examples are highly unusual and not typical of modern spoken English.
Although not dominant, this sequence is also possible when the object is stressed in languages that have relatively free word order due to case marking. Classical Arabic, Romanian, Croatian, Basque, Esperanto, Hungarian, Finnish, Russian and, to some extent, German and Dutch, are examples. Some languages, such as Swedish and Norwegian, which normally lack any extensive case marking, allow such structures when pronouns are involved, or when the roles are clear from context. In these languages, it is fairly often used when the object is already marked as the topic of a discourse and new information is added about the object. OVS is also frequent when there has been a discussion or question about the nature or identity of the object and that question is answered. Some Norwegian examples of using this word order for object emphasis: Det tror jeg ikke ; Tom så jeg i går ; Fisk liker katten. In the last example it is highly unlikely that fish is the subject, and hence that word order can be used. In some languages, auxiliary rules of word order can provide enough disambiguation for an emphatic use of OVS. For example, declarative statements in Danish are ordinarily SVnO, where "n" is the position of negating or modal adverbs. However, OVSn can be used to emphasize the object when there is no ambiguity. Thus, Susanne elsker ikke Omar versus Omar elsker Susanne ikke where neither Omar nor Susanne has case. The flexibility of word order in Russian also allows for OVS sentences, generally to emphasize the subject. For example: Я закончил задание versus Задание закончил я. In Turkish, OVS can be used to emphasize the verb. For example, Bardağı kırdı John is a better answer to the question "What happened to the glass?" than the regular SOV sentence John bardağı kırdı.
The object–verb–subject sequence also occurs in Interlingua, although the makes no mention of it accepting passive voice. Thomas Breinstrup, editor in chief of Panorama in Interlingua, sometimes uses the sequence in articles written for Panorama. This sequence was chosen for the constructed language Klingon, a language spoken by the extraterrestrialKlingon race in the fictional universe of the Star Trek series, in order to make the language sound deliberately alien and counterintuitive. This sequence, like the other five, is acceptable in Esperanto.
