Norwegian dialects
The Norwegian dialects are commonly divided into 4 main groups, 'Northern Norwegian', 'Central Norwegian', 'Western Norwegian', and 'Eastern Norwegian'. Sometimes 'Midland Norwegian' and/or 'South Norwegian' are considered fifth or sixth groups.
The dialects are generally mutually intelligible, but differ significantly with regard to accent, grammar, syntax, and vocabulary. If not accustomed to a particular dialect, even a native Norwegian speaker may have difficulty understanding it. Dialects can be as local as farm clusters, but many linguists note an ongoing regionalization, diminishing or even elimination of local variations.
Normalized speech, following the written languages Bokmål and Nynorsk or the more conservative Riksmål and Høgnorsk, is not in common use, except in parts of Finnmark, in much of østlandet, certain social groups in major urban areas elsewhere, in national broadcasting, and in courts and official decrees.
Dialect groups
- West and South Norwegian
- * South Norwegian
- * South-West Norwegian
- * Bergen Norwegian or Bergensk
- * North-West Norwegian
- North Norwegian
- *Helgeland Norwegian
- * Nordland Norwegian
- * Troms Norwegian
- * Finnmark Norwegian Finnmark county, except for Northern Kautokeino, Northern Karasjok, Tana and Nesseby.
- East Norwegian
- * Vikvær Norwegian
- * Middle East Norwegian
- * Østerdal Norwegian
- Midland Norwegian
- * Gudbrandsdal Norwegian
- * Valdres and Hallingdal Norwegian
- * Western Telemark Norwegian
- * Eastern Telemark Norwegian
- Trøndelag Norwegian
- * Outer Trøndelag Norwegian
- * Inner Trøndelag Norwegian
- * Namdal Norwegian
- * South-eastern Trøndersk
Dialect branches
- National Norwegian
- *
- **
- ** Brønnøy dialect
- **
- ** other dialects
- * Trøndersk
- **
- **
- ** Jämtland dialects
- ** Meldal dialect
- **
- ** other dialects
- * Vestlandsk
- ** West '
- *** Bergen dialect
- ***
- ***
- ***
- ***
- ****
- ***
- *** Sandnes dialect
- *** Sogn dialect
- ***
- *** Stavanger dialect
- ***
- ** South '
- *** Arendal dialect
- ***
- ** other dialects
- *
- **
- ***Vikværsk dialects
- ****
- ****
- ****
- **** Oslo dialect
- ***
- ****
- *****
- *****
- *****
- ***
- **** Hedmark dialects
- *****
- ***
- ***
- **** Särna-Idre dialect
- **
- *** Gudbrandsdal dialect
- *** Hallingdal-Valdres dialects
- ****
- **** Valdris dialect
- *** Telemark-Numedal dialects
- ****
- ** other dialects
Evolution
On the other hand, newly industrialized communities near sources of hydroelectric power have developed dialects consistent with the region but in many ways unique. Studies in such places as Høyanger, Odda, Tyssedal, Rjukan, Notodden, Sauda, and others show that creolization has effected the formation of new dialects in these areas.
Similarly, in the early 20th century a dialect closely approximating standard Bokmål arose in and around railway stations. This was known as stasjonsspråk and may have contributed to changes in dialect around these centers.
Social dynamics
Until the 20th century, upward social mobility in a city like Oslo could in some cases require conforming speech to standard Riksmål. Studies show that even today, speakers of rural dialects may tend to change their usage in formal settings to approximate the formal written language. This has led to various countercultural movements ranging from the adoption of radical forms of Oslo dialects among political radicals in Oslo, to movements preserving local dialects. There is widespread and growing acceptance that Norwegian linguistic diversity is worth preserving.The trend today is a regionalisation of the dialects causing smaller dialectal traits to disappear and rural dialects to merge with their nearest larger dialectal variety.
There is no standard dialect for the Norwegian language as a whole, and all dialects are by now mutually intelligible. Hence, widely different dialects are used frequently and alongside each other, in almost every aspect of society. Criticism of a dialect may be considered criticism of someone's personal identity and place of upbringing, and is considered impolite. Not using one's proper dialect would be bordering on awkward in many situations, as it may signal a wish to take on an identity or a background which one does not have. Dialects are also an area from which to derive humour both in professional and household situations.
Distinctions
There are many ways to distinguish among Norwegian dialects. These criteria are drawn from the work of Egil Børre Johnsen Vårt Eget Språk/Talemålet, H. Aschehoug & Co. . These criteria generally provide the analytical means for identifying most dialects, though most Norwegians rely on experience to tell them apart.Grammars and syntax
Infinitive forms
One of the most important differences among dialects is which ending, if any, verbs have in the infinitive form. In Old Norwegian, most verbs had an infinitive ending, and likewise in a modern Norwegian dialect, most of the verbs of the dialect either have or would have had an infinitive ending. There are five varieties of the infinitive ending in Norwegian dialects, constituting two groups:One ending
- Infinitive ending with -a, e.g., å vera, å bita, common in southwestern Norway, including the areas surrounding Bergen and Stavanger
- Infinitive ending with -e, e.g., å være, å bite, common in Troms, Finnmark, areas of Sogn og Fjordane and Møre og Romsdal, Southern counties, and a few other areas.
- Apocopic infinitive, where no vowel is added to the infinitive form, e.g., å vær, å bit, common in certain areas of Nordland
- Split infinitive, in which some verbs end with -a while others end with -e; e.g. å væra versus å bite, common in Eastern Norway
- Split infinitive, with apocope, e.g., å væra versus å bit, common in some areas in Sør-Trøndelag and Nord-Trøndelag
Dative case
The original Germanic contextual difference between the dative and accusative cases, standardized in modern German and Icelandic, has degenerated in spoken Danish and Swedish, a tendency which spread to Bokmål too. Ivar Aasen treated the dative case in detail in his work, Norsk Grammatik, and use of Norwegian dative as a living grammatical case can be found in a few of the earliest Landsmål texts. However, the dative case has never been part of official Landsmål/Nynorsk.It is, however, present in some spoken dialects north of Oslo, Romsdal, and south and northeast of Trondheim. The grammatical phenomenon is highly threatened in the mentioned areas, while most speakers of conservative varieties have been highly influenced by the national standard languages, using only the traditional accusative word form in both cases. Often, though not always, the difference in meaning between the dative and accusative word forms can thus be lost, requiring the speaker to add more words to specify what was actually meant, to avoid potential loss of information.
Future tense
There are regional variations in the use of future tense, for example, "He is going to travel.":Syntax
Syntax can vary greatly between dialects, and the tense is important for the listener to get the meaning. For instance, a question can be formed without the traditional "asking-words"For example, the sentence Hvor mye er klokken?, Kor mykje er klokka?, literally: "How much is the clock?" i.e. "What time is it?" can be put in, among others, the following forms:
Pronunciation of vowels
Diphthongization of monophthongs
Old Norse had the diphthongs,, and, but the Norwegian spoken in the area around Setesdal has shifted two of the traditional diphthongs and innovated four more from long vowels, and, in some cases, also short vowels.Old Norse | Modern Norwegian |
Old Norse | Setesdal |
West Norwegian dialects have also innovated new diphthongs. In Midtre you can find the following:
Old Norse | Modern Norwegian |
Old Norse | Midtre |
Monophthongization of diphthongs
The Old Norse diphthongs,, and have experienced monophthongization in certain dialects of modern Norwegian.This shift originated in Old East Norse, which is reflected in the fact that Swedish and Danish overwhelmingly exhibit this change. Monophthongization in Norway ends on the coast west of Trondheim and extends southeast in a triangle into central Sweden. Some Norwegian dialects, east of Molde, for example, have lost only and.
Leveling
This is a phenomenon in which the root vowel and end vowel in a word approximate each other. For example, the old Norse viku has become våkkå or vukku in certain dialects. There are two varieties in Norwegian dialects – one in which the two vowels become identical, the other where they are only similar. Leveling exists only in inland areas in Southern Norway, and areas around Trondheim.Vowel shift in strong verbs
In all but Oslo and coastal areas just south of the capital, the present tense of certain verbs take on a new vowel, e.g., å fare becomes fer.Pronunciation of consonants
Eliminating in the plural indefinite form
In some areas, the is not pronounced in all or some words in their plural indefinite form. There are four categories:- The is retained – most of Eastern Norway, the South-Eastern coast, and across to areas north and east of Stavanger.
- The disappears altogether – Southern tip of Norway, coastal areas north of Bergen, and inland almost to Trondheim.
- The is retained in certain words but not in others – coastal areas around Trondheim, and most of Northern Norway
- The is retained in certain words and in weak feminine nouns, but not in others – one coast area in Nordland.
Phonetic realization of
Palatalization
In areas north of an isogloss running between Oslo and Bergen, palatalization occurs for the n, l, t and d sounds in varying degrees. Areas just south and southwest of Trondheim palatalize both the main and subordinate syllable in words, but other areas only palatalize the main syllable.Voicing of plosives
Voiceless stops have become voiced intervocalically after long vowels on the extreme southern coast of Norway, including Kristiansand, Mandal and Stavanger. The same phenomenon appears in Sør-Trøndelag and one area in Nordland.Segmentation
The geminate in southwestern Norway has become, while just east in southcentral Norwegian the final is lost, leaving. The same sequence has been palatalized in Northern Norway, leaving the palatal lateral.Assimilation
The second consonant in the consonant clusters,, and has assimilated to the first across most of Norway, leaving,, and respectively. Western Norway, though not in Bergen, retains the cluster. In Northern Norway this same cluster is realized as the palatal lateral.Consonant shift in conjugation of masculine nouns
Although used less frequently, a subtle shift takes place in conjugating a masculine noun from indefinitive to definitive, e.g., from bekk to bekkjen. This is found in rural dialects along the coast from Farsund to the border between Troms and Finnmark.The kj - sj merger
Many people, especially in the younger generation, have lost the differentiation between the and sounds, realizing both as. This is by many considered to be a normal development in language change. The functional load is relatively small, and as often happens, similar sounds with small functional loads merge.Tonemes and intonation
There are great differences between the intonation systems of different Norwegian dialects.Vocabulary
First person pronoun, nominative plural
Three variations of the first person plural nominative pronoun exist in Norwegian dialects:- Vi,, common in parts of Eastern Norway, most of Northern Norway, coastal areas close to Trondheim, and one sliver of Western Norway
- Me, mø or mi, in Southern and most of Western Norway, areas inland of Trondheim, and a few smaller areas
- Oss, common in areas of Sør-Trøndelag, Gudbrandsdalen, Nordmøre and parts of Sunnmøre.
First person pronoun, nominative singular
- E and æ, in which the hard 'g' may or may not be included. This is common in most of Southern and Western Norway, Trøndelag, and most of Northern Norway. Some places in Western Norway, it's common to say "Ej".
- I, in a few areas in Western Norway and Snåsa in Nord Trøndelag
- Jé, jè, or jei, in areas around Oslo, and north along the Swedish border, almost to Trondheim, as well as one region in Troms
Personal pronouns
Possessive pronouns
The word "not"
The Norwegian word for the English not exists in these main categories:Examples of the sentence "I am not hungry," in Norwegian:
Interrogative words
Some common interrogative words take on forms such as:Regions | who | what | where | which | how | why | when |
Bokmål | hvem | hva | hvor | hvilken, hvilket, hvilke | hvordan, hvorledes, åssen | hvorfor | når |
Nynorsk | kven | kva | kor, kvar | kva for ein/ei/eit | korleis | kvifor, korfor | kor tid |
South Eastern Norway | hvem, åkke, åkkjen, høkken, håkke | hva, å da, å, hø da, hå, hæ | hvor, hvorhen, å hen, å henner, hen, hørt, hærre | hvilken, hvilke, åkken, åssen, hvem, hva slags, hø slags, hæsse, håssen. håleis, hådan | hvordan, åssen, høssen, hæsse | hvorfor, åffer, å for, høffer, hæffer | ti, å ti, når, hærnér |
Most of Western Norway | kven, ken, kin, kem, kim | kva, ka, ke, kæ, kå | kor, kest, korhen/korhenne, hen | kva, ka, kvaslags, kaslags, kasla, kallas, kalla, kass, kvafor, kafor, kaforein, keslags, kæslags, koffø en | kordan, korsn, korleis, karleis, koss, kossn | korfor, koffor, kvifor, kafor, keffår, koffø | når, ti, kati, korti, koti, kå ti |
Trøndelag and most of Northern Norway | kæm, kem, kånn, kenn | ka, ke, kve, ker | kor, korhæn/korhænne, ker, karre, kehænn | kolles, koss, korsn, kossn, kasla, kass, kafor, kafør, kåfår, kersn, kess, kafla | kolles, koss, kess, korsn, kossn, kordan, korran, kelles | korfor, kafor, kafør, koffer, koffør, koffår, kåffår, keffer | når, ner, nå, når ti, ka ti, katti, kåtti |