Normanton incident
The Normanton incident was a set of events surrounding the sinking of a British merchant vessel named Normanton off the coast of what is now Wakayama Prefecture on October 24, 1886. The vessel was registered to the Madamson & Bell Steamship Company when it ran aground and sank, drowning all the Japanese passengers aboard. The event sparked a major uproar in the Japanese population when the subsequent court case in the British Court for Japan highlighted the unjustness of the unequal treaties that were levied on Japan at the time by the leading countries of the West.
Overview
On the evening of October 24, 1886, the 240-ton British cargo ship Normanton, laden with both goods and 25 Japanese passengers, left Yokohama Harbor and set sail for the port of Kobe around 8:00pm. However, en route to her destination she was caught in heavy wind and rains all the way from Yokkaichi in Mie Prefecture to the Cape of Kashinozaki in Wakayama Prefecture, where the vessel was wrecked. She ran aground on an offshore reef and was lost. The ship’s captain John William Drake and all European crewmen escaped the sinking ship in lifeboats, leaving the non-European crewmen and the 25 Japanese passengers aboard to fend for themselves. The Europeans were picked up by coastal fishermen who took them in. Three of the survivors of the shipwreck died of hypothermia and were buried once the crew reached the shore. None of the 25 Japanese passengers aboard the Normanton survived., first Minister for Foreign Affairs
On October 28, Inoue Kaoru, Minister for Foreign Affairs for Prime Minister Itō Hirobumi's first cabinet, received a telegram from Matsumoto Kanae, Governor of Wakayama Prefecture, briefly outlining the events surrounding the shipwreck. He was alarmed by the fact that all the Japanese passengers were lost, and ordered an investigation of the situation on the spot. However, Japanese officials were hindered in their efforts to verify the facts of the incident by the wall imposed by the Unequal Treaties. Reportedly, they were never able to reach a satisfactory end to their investigation.
At a Marine Accident hearing at the British consulate in Kobe the following month, Captain Drake was declared innocent of any wrongdoing. James Troup, British Consul approved the following official statement on November 5. "The crew urged the Japanese passengers to get to the lifeboats as quickly as possible, but the Japanese failed to understand the English instructions. In turn, they did not comply with the crew's wishes, but instead holed themselves up inside the ship and didn't even try to come out. The crew had no choice but to the leave the Japanese and take to the lifeboats. " The captain and the crew were found not guilty by the investigation.
Public opinion in Japan was outraged over what was perceived to be a case of racial prejudice. A good example of public sentiment at the time can be found in the Tokyo Nichi Nichi Shimbun The paper reported in an outrage that, "If the Captain and the more than 20 seamen under him were able to be rescued, it makes sense that at least one or two Japanese passengers would have been saved along with them. However, the ugly truth is all of them were lost." In another article, they claimed that, "If the passengers had been Westerners, they would have been rescued immediately. These men were left to die because they were Japanese".
The Japanese public was outraged on hearing the verdict. The following ran in the Tokyo Nichi Nichi Shinbun, a paper that publicly protested the event in print. "No matter how ignorant you may think the Japanese are, to claim that they could stare into the face of danger and fail to recognize the gravity of the situation is absurd. The idea that these people were too stupid to know how to save themselves or even get help from others is a grave fallacy." Donations poured in from all over the country to support the families of the victims who lost their lives. Entire newspapers covered nothing but stories about the incident for days on end, supported by mournful editorials and articles calling for the removal of the officials in question. Even well-known legal scholars openly accused Captain Drake. Fringe politicians across the land held open meetings in which they publicly condemned Britain's violence and record of violating human rights while they rallied for the return of political power to the Japanese people.
Some English language newspapers were also shocked by the verdict. The North China Herald in Shanghai called the decision of the Board of Enquiry a "farce", a "miscarriage of justice" and a "complete whitewash"
The Japanese government had gone great lengths in trying to re-negotiate the Unequal Treaties. Foreign Minister Inoue had been a staunch supporter of the country's Europeanization by hosting elaborate balls at the Rokumeikan, however he could do nothing to silence the storm of domestic controversy rising across the land.
On November 13, he ordered the Governor of Hyogo Prefecture Utsumi Tadakatsu to prevent Captain Drake and crew from leaving Kobe's port, and brought charges of murder against the Captain and his men under the governor's name in the British Court for Japan in Yokohama. The prosecution took place the following day on 14th. The British held a preliminary hearing in Kobe, and then moved the case to Yokohama. On December 8, Judge Hannen of the British Court for Japan in Yokohama found Drake guilty of criminal negligence, and sentenced him to three months imprisonment. However, the British consular court rejected any compensation for the families of the victims. In sentencing Drake, Judge Hannen told him: "We have been accustomed to expect from the merchant service of England heroism and devotion to the interests of the crew and passengers that I am afraid in this case were wanting."
Aftermath
The Japanese Solidarity Movement
The Normanton Incident fanned an increase in anti-British and anti-foreign sentiment in Japan, and was upheld as an example of the urgent need to revise the Unequal Treaties which Japan had signed with various foreign powers, especially with regards to clauses pertaining to extraterritoriality. The incident was picked up by the Solidarity Movement Party, then in its infant stages. They raised the issue all across the land, criticizing Inoue's handling of the situation as "coquettish" and "cowardly" diplomacy. As a result of this incident, the movement, which demanded foreign policy reform as well as the abolishment of the Unequal Treaties, was significantly strengthened.Media
Theater and Print
After the incident, there were some who hoped to turn the incident into a drama for the theater, but the government, fearing another flare up of civil unrest, effectively shut down the operation.At the same time, a book entitled "A Complete Guide to the Trial of the Events Surrounding the Sinking of the British Ship `Normanton`" was published immediately after the incident occurred. "The Court Records of the British Steamship "Normanton"" were also published the following year in 1887.
"The Normanton Sinks Beneath the Waves"
Immediately following the incident a song entitled "The Normanton Sinks Beneath the Waves" was written anonymously and quickly caught on with people across the country. There were originally only 36 stanzas to the song, but by the time the incident had come to a close the number had ballooned to 59. The tune is set to the old military standard "With Swords Drawn"The song begins with an ominous opening:
The roar of the waves pounding against the shore
Awoken from a dream by a storm in the dead of night
Staring out at the great blue expanse
Wondering where the hell my fellow countrymen are
Try to call out, try to shout, but I have no voice
I seek and search but find not even a shadow
If the rumors are true, the passing moon
and twenty-five of our dearest brethren set sail
Godspeed your journey as the crow flies
We know a little bit about foreign ships
And we know those built by Brits
Are famed for their nautical prowess
Like lambs, we were led aboard the vessel
we passed all too quickly the 300 kilometers
of distant wake and water to old Totomi
only to reach Kumano Inlet in Kishuu
and then in the middle takes a surprising turn:
O, the inhumanity of this foreign ship
The cruel and merciless captain
Whose very name reeks of cowardice
Watched their sorrowful plight from afar
Forgetting all of his responsibility
Hey made fast for a cowardly retreat
Dragging his men along with him
They jumped aboard the lifeboats
They see each others shadows off
Tears of regret cutting quick and deep
They wipe them down and fight them off
You're a hateful bastard, Drake
No matter how different your race may be
No matter how little you know of mercy
You just stood by and watched
You left us there to die, you coward
These are but a few lines; the song itself goes on to say many things.