Newar language


Newar or Newari, known officially in Nepal as Nepal Bhasa, is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken by the Newar people, the indigenous inhabitants of Nepal Mandala, which consists of the Kathmandu Valley and surrounding regions in Nepal.
Although "Nepal Bhasa" literally means "Nepalese language", the language is not the same as Nepali, the country's current official language. The two languages belong to different language families, but centuries of contact have resulted in a significant body of shared vocabulary. Both languages have official status in Kathmandu Metropolitan City.
Newar was Nepal’s administrative language from the 14th to the late 18th century. From the early 20th century until democratisation, Newar suffered from official suppression. From 1952 to 1991, the percentage of Newar speakers in the Kathmandu Valley dropped from 75% to 44% and today Newar culture and language are under threat. The language has been listed as being "definitely endangered" by UNESCO.

Name

The earliest occurrences of the name Nepālabhāṣā or Nepālavāc can be found in the manuscripts of , dated 1380 AD, and , dated 1386 AD. Since then, the name has been used widely on inscriptions, manuscripts, documents and books.
The colloquial form is "Newah Bhay".
In the 1920s, the name of the language known as Khas Kura, Gorkhali or Parbatiya was changed to Nepali, and the language began to be officially referred to as Newari while the Newars continued using the original term. Conversely, the term Gorkhali in the former national anthem entitled "Shreeman Gambhir" was changed to Nepali in 1951.
On 8 September 1995, following years of lobbying to use the old name, the government decided that the name Nepal Bhasa should be used instead of Newari. However, the decision was not implemented, and on 13 November 1998, the Minister of Information and Communication issued another directive to use the name Nepal Bhasa instead of Newari. However, the Central Bureau of Statistics has not been doing so.

Geographic distribution

Newar is spoken by over a million people in Nepal according to the 2001 census.
With an increase in emigration, various bodies and societies of Newar-speaking people have emerged in countries such as the US, the UK, Australia, and Japan.

Relationship with other Tibeto-Burman languages

The exact placement of Newar within the Tibeto-Burman language family has been a source of controversies and confusion. The linguist Warren W. Glover classified Newar as a part of Bodic subdivision using Shafer's terminology. Professor Van Driem classified Newar within the Mahakiranti grouping but he later retracted his hypothesis in 2003. Moreover, he proposed a new grouping called "Maha-Newari" which possibly includes Baram–Thangmi.
T. R. Kansakar attributes the difficulty about the placement of Newar to the inability of scholars to connect it with the migration patterns of the Tibeto-Burman speakers. Since Newar separated from rest of the family very early in history, it is difficult or at least arbitrary to reconstruct the basic stratum that contributed to present day Newar speech. He underscored the point that the language evolved from mixed racial/linguistic influences that do not lend easily to a neat classification.
A classification indicating a percentage of shared vocabulary within the labeled branch and an approximate time of split:
ɫ "%" indicates lexical similarity/common vocabulary between Newar and the other languages in the branch. The date indicates an approximate time when the language diverged.

ɞ Van Driem labelled this branch as "Parakiranti" and included it together with Kiranti branch to form Maha Kiranti group. However, he would later drop this hypothesis.

ʌ All languages within this branch have extensive Indo-Aryan vocabulary. It is hypothesised that either ancient IndoAryan admixture happened before Newar-Thangmi-Baram split or that Thangmi-Baram borrowed through Newari.

History and development

According to the linguist, Glover, Newari and the Chepang language must have diverged around 2200 BC. It is estimated that Newari shares 28% of its vocabulary with Chepang. At the same time, a very large and significant proportion of Newari vocabulary is Indo-European in origin, by one estimate more than 50%, indicating an influence of at least 1600 years from Indo-European languages, first from Sanskrit, Maithili, Persian, and Urdu and today from Hindi, Nepali and English.
Newar words appeared in Sanskrit inscriptions in the Kathmandu Valley for the first time in the fifth century. The words are names of places, taxes and merchandise indicating that it already existed as a spoken language during the Licchavi period.
Inscriptions in Newar emerged from the 12th century, the palm-leaf manuscript from Uku Bahah being the first example. By the 14th century, Newar had become an administrative language as shown by the official proclamations and public notices written in it. The first books, manuals, histories and dictionaries also appeared during this time. The Gopalarajavamsavali, a history of Nepal, appeared in 1389 AD. From the 14th century onwards, an overwhelming number of stone inscriptions in the Kathmandu Valley, where they are a ubiquitous element at heritage sites, are in Newar.
Newar developed as the court and state language of Nepal from the 14th to the late 18th centuries. It was the definite language of stone and copper plate inscriptions, royal decrees, chronicles, Hindu and Buddhist manuscripts, official documents, journals, title deeds, correspondence and creative writing. Records of the life-cycle ceremonies of Malla royalty and the materials used were written in Newar.
The period 1505–1847 AD was a golden age for Newar literature. Poetry, stories, epics, and dramas were produced in great numbers during this time which is known as the Classical Period. Since then it entered a period of decline due to official disapproval and oftentimes outright attempts to stamp it out.
Newar can be classified into the old and new eras. Although there is no specific demarcation between the two, the period 1846–1941 AD during the Rana regime is taken as the dividing period between the two.

  1. All measures are in pixels
ImageSize = width:800 height:390
PlotArea = left:0 right:150 bottom:250 top:10
AlignBars = early
DateFormat = yyyy
Period = from:-2500 till:2100
TimeAxis = orientation:hor
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:400 start:-2400
  1. there is no automatic collision detection,
  2. so shift texts up or down manually to avoid overlap
Define $dx = 25 # shift text to right side of bar
PlotData=
bar:Age color:red width:25 mark: align:left fontsize:S
from:start till:-2200 shift: text:Antiquity
from:-2200 till:400 shift: color:yellow text:Proto Newari
from:400 till:2000 shift: color:green text:Historical Age
at:2000 shift: text:AD
at:-2200 shift: text:←Proto-Newari diverges from Proto-Chepangi
at:-200 shift: text:Arrival of Charumati in the Valley→
at:-200 shift: text:←start of Indo-Aryanization through Magadhi Prakrit?
at: 200 shift: text:Ascension of Lichhavi King Jayavarma-I→
at: 200 shift: text:←start of Sanskritization?
at: 1300 shift: text:Arrival of last Karnat King Nanyadeva→
at: 1300 shift: text:←start of Maithali influence
at: 1400 shift: text:←start of Persian/Arabic influence
at: 1600 shift: text:start of Khas Bhasa influence→
at: 600 shift: text:Rise of Songtsen Gampo and influence of Tibetan→
at: 1920 shift: text:←Hindi and English influence
bar:Era5 color:blue width:18 mark: align:left fontsize:S
from:-200 till:1980 shift: text:Indo-Aryanization period
from:1980 till:2000 shift: text:←Recent attempts to de-Sanskritize
bar:Era color:red width:25 mark: align:left fontsize:S
from:400 till:1200 shift: text:Ancient Era
from:1200 till:1850 shift: color:yellow text:Medieval era
from:1850 till:1940 shift: color:black text:Dark era
bar:Era2 color:red width:25 mark: align:left fontsize:S
from:1909 till:1940 shift: color:blue text:Renaiassance
bar:Era3 color:red width:25 mark: align:left fontsize:S
from:1950 till:2000 shift: color:green text:Modern Era
bar:Era4 color:red width:25 mark: align:left fontsize:S
from:1960 till:1990 shift: color:black text:Dark era

Ancient era

An example of the language of the ancient period is provided by the following line from the palm-leaf manuscript from Uku Bahah which dates from 1114 AD. It is a general discussion of business transactions.

Medieval era

The language flourished as an administrative and literary language during the medieval period. Noted royal writers include Mahindra Malla, Siddhi Narsingh Malla, and Jagat Prakash Malla. An example of the language used during this period is provided by the following lines from Mooldevshashidev written by Jagat Prakash Malla.


The verse is a description of Shiva and the use of a tiger skin as his seat.

Dark age

Newar began to be sidelined after the Gorkha conquest of Nepal and the ouster of the Malla dynasty by the Shah dynasty in the late 18th century. Since then, its history has been one of constant suppression and struggle against official disapproval.
Following the advent of the Shahs, the Gorkhali language became the court language, and Newar was replaced as the language of administration. However, Newar continued to remain in official use for a time as shown by the 1775 treaty with Tibet which was written in it. A few of the new rulers cultivated the language. Kings Prithvi Narayan Shah, Rana Bahadur and Rajendra Bikram Shah composed poetry and wrote plays in it.
Newar suffered heavily under the repressive policy of the Rana dynasty when the regime attempted to wipe it out. In 1906, legal documents written in Newar were declared unenforceable, and any evidence in the language was declared null and void. The rulers forbade literature in Newar, and writers were sent to jail. In 1944, Buddhist monks who wrote in the language were expelled from the country.
Moreover, hostility towards the language from neighbours grew following massive migration into the Kathmandu Valley leading to the indigenous Newars becoming a minority. During the period 1952 to 1991, the percentage of the valley population speaking Newar dropped from 74.95% to 43.93%. The Nepal Bhasa movement arose as an effort to save the language.

''Nepal Bhasa'' movement

Newars have been fighting to save their language in the face of opposition from the government and hostile neighbours from the time of the repressive Rana regime till today. The movement arose against the suppression of the language that began with the rise of the Shah dynasty in 1768 AD, and intensified during the Rana regime and Panchayat system.
At various times, the government has forbidden literature in Newar, banned the official use and removed it from the media and the educational system. Opponents have even petitioned the Supreme Court to have its use barred.
Activism has taken the form of publication of books and periodicals to public meets and protest rallies. Writers and language workers have been jailed or expelled from the country, and they have continued the movement abroad. The struggle for linguistic rights has sometimes combined with the movement for religious and political freedom in Nepal.

Renaissance era

The period between 1909 and 1941 is considered as the renaissance era of Newar. During this period, a few authors braved official disapproval and started writing, translating, educating and restructuring the language. Writers Nisthananda Bajracharya, Siddhidas Mahaju, Jagat Sundar Malla and Yogbir Singh Kansakar are honored as the Four Pillars of Nepal Bhasa. Shukraraj Shastri and Dharmaditya Dharmacharya were also at the forefront of the Renaissance.
In 1909, Bajracharya published the first printed book using movable type. Shastri wrote a grammar of the language entitled Nepal Bhasa Vyakaran, the first one in modern times. It was published from Kolkata in 1928. His other works include Nepal Bhasa Reader, Books 1 and 2 and an alphabet book Nepali Varnamala.
Mahaju's translation of the Ramayan and books on morals and ethics, Malla's endeavours to impart education in the native language and other literary activities marked the renaissance. Dharmacharya published the first magazine in Newar Buddha Dharma wa Nepal Bhasa from Kolkata in 1925. Also, the Renaissance marked the beginning of the movement to get official recognition for the name "Nepal Bhasa" in place of the Khas imposed term "Newari".
Some of the lines of Mahaju read as follows:


The verse states that even a moron can improve with the company of good people just like a drop of water appears like a pearl when it descends upon the leaves of a lotus plant.

Modern Newar

Jail years

The years 1941–1945 are known as the jail years for the large number of authors who were imprisoned for their literary or political activities. It was a productive period and resulted in an outpouring of literary works.
Chittadhar Hridaya, Siddhicharan Shrestha and Phatte Bahadur Singh were among the prominent writers of the period who were jailed for their writings. While in prison, Hridaya produced his greatest work Sugata Saurabha, an epic poem on the life of Gautama Buddha. Shrestha wrote a collection of poems entitled Seeswan among other works. Singh was sentenced to life imprisonment for editing and publishing an anthology of poems by various poets entitled Nepali Bihar.
The efforts of Newar authors coincided with the revival of Theravada Buddhism in Nepal, which the rulers disliked equally. In 1946, the monks who had been exiled by the Ranas in 1944 for teaching Buddhism and writing in Newar were allowed to return following international pressure. Restrictions on publication were relaxed, and books could be published after being censored. The monks wrote wide-ranging books on Buddhism and greatly enriched the corpus of religious literature.
Outside the Kathmandu Valley in the 1940s, poets like Ganesh Lal Shrestha of Hetauda composed songs and put on performances during festivals.

The 1950s

Following the overthrow of the Rana dynasty and the advent of democracy in 1951, restrictions on publication in Newar were removed. Books, magazines and newspapers appeared. A daily newspaper Nepal Bhasa Patrika began publication in 1955. Textbooks were published and Newar was included in the curriculum. Nepal Rastriya Vidhyapitha recognised Newar as an alternative medium of instruction in the schools and colleges affiliated to it.
Literary societies like Nepal Bhasa Parisad were formed and Chwasa: Pasa returned from exile. In 1958, Kathmandu Municipality passed a resolution that it would accept applications and publish major decisions in Newar in addition to the Nepali language.

Second dark age

Democracy lasted for a brief period, and Newar and other languages of Nepal entered a second dark age with the dissolution of parliament and the imposition of the Panchayat system in 1960. Under its policy of "one nation, one language", only the Nepali language was promoted, and all the other languages of Nepal were suppressed as "ethnic" or "local" languages.
In 1963, Kathmandu Municipality's decision to recognize Newar was revoked. In 1965, the language was also banned from being broadcast over Radio Nepal. Those who protested against the ban were put in prison, including Buddhist monk Sudarshan Mahasthavir.
The New Education System Plan brought out in 1971 eased out Nepal's other languages from the schools in a bid to diminish the country's multi-lingual traditions. Students were discouraged from choosing their native language as an elective subject because it was lumped with technical subjects. Nepal's various languages began to stagnate as the population could not use them for official, educational, employment or legal purposes.
Birat Nepal Bhasa Sahitya Sammelan Guthi, formed in 1962 in Bhaktapur, and Nepal Bhasa Manka Khala, founded in 1979 in Kathmandu, are some of the prominent organizations that emerged during this period to struggle for language rights. The names of these organizations also annoyed the government which, on one occasion in 1979, changed the name of Brihat Nepal Bhasa Sahitya Sammelan Guthi in official media reports.
Some lines by the famous poet Durga Lal Shrestha of this era are as follows:

Post-1990 People's Movement

After the 1990 People's Movement that brought the Panchayat system to an end, the languages of Nepal enjoyed greater freedom. The 1990 constitution recognized Nepal as a multiethnic and multilingual country. The Nepali language in the Devanagari script was declared the language of the nation and the official language. Meanwhile, all the languages spoken as native languages in Nepal were named national languages.
In 1997, Kathmandu Metropolitan City declared that its policy to officially recognize Nepal Bhasa would be revived. The rest of the city governments in the Kathmandu Valley announced that they too would recognize it. However, critics petitioned the Supreme Court to have the policy annulled, and in 1999, the Supreme Court quashed the decision of the local bodies as being unconstitutional.

Post-2006 People's Movement

A second People's Movement in 2006 ousted the Shah dynasty and Nepal became a republic which gave the people greater linguistic freedom. The 2007 Interim Constitution states that the use of one's native language in a local body or office shall not be barred. However, this has not happened in practice. Organizations with names in Newar are not registered, and municipality officials refuse to accept applications written in the language.
The restoration of democracy has been marked by the privatization of the media. Various people and organizations are working for the development of Newar. Newar has several newspapers, a primary level curriculum, several schools, several FM stations, regular TV programs and news, Nepal Bhasa Music Award and several websites.
The number of schools teaching Newar has increased, and Newar is also being offered in schools outside the Kathmandu Valley.

Outside Nepal Mandala

Inscriptions written in Newar occur across Nepal Mandala and outside.
In Gorkha, the Bhairav Temple at Pokharithok Bazaar contains an inscription dated Nepal Sambat 704, which is 185 years before the conquest of the Kathmandu Valley by the Gorkha Kingdom. The Palanchowk Bhagawati Temple situated to the east of Kathmandu contains an inscription recording a land donation dated Nepal Sambat 861.
In Bhojpur in east Nepal, an inscription at the Bidyadhari Ajima Temple dated Nepal Sambat 1011 records the donation of a door and tympanum. The Bindhyabasini Temple in Bandipur in west Nepal contains an inscription dated Nepal Sambat 950 about the donation of a tympanum.
Outside Nepal, Newar has been used in Tibet. Official documents and inscriptions recording votive offerings made by Newar traders have been found in Lhasa. A copper plate dated Nepal Sambat 781 recording the donation of a tympanum is installed at the shrine of Chhwaskamini Ajima in the Jokhang Temple.

Literature

Newar literature has a long history. It has the one of the oldest literature of the Sino-Tibetan languages

Drama

s are traditionally performed in open Dabu. Most of the traditional dramas are tales related to deities and demons. Masked characters and music are central elements to such dramas. Most of them are narrated with the help of songs sung at intervals. Such dramas resemble dance in many cases. The theme of most dramas is the creation of a social well-being with morals illustrating the rise, turbulence, and fall of evil. There is fixed dates in the Nepal Sambat calendar for the performance of specific drama. Most of the dramas are performed by specific Guthis.

Poetry

writing constituted a pompous part of medieval Malla aristocracy. Many of the kings were well-renowned poets. Siddhidas Mahaju and Chittadhar Hridaya are two great poets in the language.

Prose fiction

Prose fiction in Newar is a relatively new field of literature compared to other fields. Most fiction was written in poetry form until the medieval era. Consequently, almost all prose fiction belongs to the modern Newar era. Collections of short stories in Newar are more popular than novels.

Story

The art of verbal story telling is very old in Newar. There are a variety of mythical and social stories that have aided in establishing the norm of Kathmandu valley. Stories ranging from the origin of Kathmandu valley to the temples of the valley and the important monuments have been passed down verbally in Newar and very few exist in written form. However, with an increase in the literacy rate and an awareness among the people, folklore stories are being written down. Stories on other topics are also becoming popular.

Dialects

Kansakar recognizes three main Newar dialect clusters.
Kansakar also gives the following classification of Newar dialects based on verb conjugation morphology.
The main dialects of Newar are:
;Dolkhali
;Sindhupalchok Pahri
;Chitlang
;Kathmandu
;Lalitpur
;Bhaktapur
Religions play a register-like role in dialectical diversity though they are minor. It has been recorded from the Malla period. Hinduism and Buddhism were present at that age and few words in Hinduism and Buddhism of Newar differs. With the recent growth of Christianity, Islam, other religions, and atheism in Nepal, the diversity in the speech registers regarding religious terminology has become more extended, such as omitting the word dyaḥ after the name of a deity by many people whereas it is retained in Hinduism and Buddhism.
For example, Lord Ganesha is said as Ganedyaḥ by Hindus and Buddhists but only Gane by other people.

Phonology

Consonants

*-only occur in Dolakha Newar.
*-only occur in Dolakha Newar.

Writing systems

Newar is now almost always written in the Devanagari script. The script originally used, Nepal Lipi or "Nepalese script", fell into disuse at the beginning of the 20th century when writing in the language and the script was banned.
Nepal Lipi, also known as Nepal Akha, emerged in the 10th century. Over the centuries, a number of variants of Nepali Lipi have appeared.
Nepal has been written in a variety of abugida scripts:
Devanagari is the most widely used script at present, as it is common in Nepal and India. Ranjana script was the most widely used script to write Classical Nepalese in ancient times. It is experiencing a revival due to the recent rise of cultural awareness. The Prachalit script is also in use. All used to write Nepal but Devanagari are descended from a script called the Nepal script.

Ranjana alphabet

Classical Nepalese materials written in Ranjana can be found in present-day Nepal, East Asia, and Central Asia.

Consonants

Special consonant in Nepal omitted.
k क kʰ ख g ग gʱ घ ŋ ङ
t͡ɕ च t͡ɕʰ छ d͡ʑ ज d͡ʑʱ झ ȵ ञ
ʈ ट ʈʰ ठ ɖ ड ɖʱ ढ ɳ ण
t त tʰ थ d द dʱ ध n न
p प pʰ फ b ब bʱ भ m म
y य r र l ल v व
ś श ʂ ष s स h ह

kʂ क्ष t͡r̥ त्र d͡ʑȵ ज्ञ

Vowels

There are 3 series of vowel diacritics - the -like system, the -like system, and the -like system.
Note that many of the consonants mentioned above occur only in loan words and mantras.

Consonant-free vowels

Numerals

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Devanagari orthography

Modern Newar is written generally with the Devanagari script, although formerly it was written in the Ranjana and other scripts. The letters of the Nagari alphabet are traditionally listed in the order vowels, anusvara and visarga, stops , and finally the liquids and fricatives, written in IAST as follows :
Kathmandu Newar does not use ñ for the palatal nasal but instead writes this sound with the ligature as for example in the word nyā 'five'. Orthographic vowel length represents a difference of vowel quality, and in fact vowel length is indicated with the visarga after the vowel an and with other vowels is written with the independent vowel letter, for example mhii:ga: 'day after tomorrow'.

Vowels

The vowels, called mā ākha, meaning "mother letters", used in Newar are:
Orthographyअअःआआःइईउऊऋॠऌॡएऐओऔअँअंअय्आय्एय्
Romanaa:aaaa:iiiuuuririilrilriieaioauanaNayaayey

Even though ऋ, ॠ, ऌ, ॡ are present in Newar, they are rarely used. Instead, some experts suggest including अय् and आय् in the list of vowels.

Consonants

The consonants, called bā ākha, meaning "father letters", used in Newar are:
कखगघङङ्ह---
aaaaaha---
चछजझञ----
aaaaa----
टठडढण----
aaaaa----
तथदधनन्ह---
aaaananha---
पफबभमम्ह---
aaaamamha---
यह्यरह्रलल्हवव्ह
yahyarahralalhava or wawha-
शषसह----
aasaha----
क्षत्रज्ञ-----
kshatraa-----

ङ्ह, न्ह, म्ह, ह्य, ह्र, ल्ह and व्ह are sometimes included in the list of consonants as they have a specific identity in Nepal.
The use of ङ and ञ was very common in the old form of language. However, in the new form, especially in writing, the use of these characters has diminished. The use of ण, त, थ, द, ध, न, श, ष, क्ष, त्र, ज्ञ is limited by the new grammar books to the loan words only.

Complex/compound consonants

Besides the consonants mentioned above, combined consonants called chinā ākha are used.

Numerals

०१२३४५६७८९
0123456789

Grammar

Newar language is one of the few Tibeto-Burman languages with a clusivity distinction.

Sentence structure

Statement sentence-

This language is a SOV language. For instance, "My name is Bilat " is "Jigu Na'aa Bilat Khaa'a " which word by word translation becomes, "My Name Bilat is ".
Interrogative sentence-

Wh-question:

In the case of Newar language, Wh-questions are rather "G-questions" with "when/which" being replaced by "Gublay/Gugu" respectively. There is an additional "Guli" which is used for "How much/How many". A S-word "Soo" is used for "who". "Chhoo/Schoo " is used for "What", and "Gathey" is used for "How".

Affixes

Suffix- "Chaa" and "Ju" are two popular suffixes. "Chaa" is added to signify "junior" or "lesser". But when added to a name, it is used derogatorily. For example, kya'ah-chaa means nephew where "chaa" is being added to kya'ah. When added to name like Birat for "Birat-chaa", it is being used derogatorily. The suffix "ju" is added to show respect. For example, "Baa-ju" means "father-in-law" where "ju" is added to "Baa". Unlike "chaa", "ju" is not added to a first/last name directly. Instead, honorific terms like "Bhaaju" is added for males and "Mayju" for females. Example, "Birat bhaaju" for a male name and "Suja Mayju" for a female name.
Prefix – "Tap'ah" is added to denote "remote" or "distant" relative. A distant brother becomes "tap'ah-kija". "Tuh" is added to denote "higher". Father 's senior brother is referred to as "Tuh-baa".

Indo-Aryan loanwords

Newar is one of the most Aryanized Sino-Tibetan languages. Below are some basic words borrowed from Indo-Iranian languages:
WordsOrigin Meaning
La:h Pali Water
Kaa:saPaliBronze
KajiArabicleader
Khaapaa PaliDoor
Kimi Sanskrit Hookworm
Adha:vataPersianMalice
Ka:hPali Blind
Dya:hPali Deity
Nhya:hPali Nose
Mhu:tuPali Mouth
Khicha: Pali Dog

The Newar language and the Newar community

Nepal Bhasa is the native language of Newars. Newars form a very diverse community with people from Sino-Tibetan, ASI and ANI origin. Newars follow Hinduism and Buddhism, and are subdivided into 64 castes. The language, therefore, plays a central unifying role in the existence and perpetuation of the Newar community. The poet Siddhidas Mahaju concluded that the Newar community and its rich culture can only survive if the Newar language survives.
The Newars enjoyed promotions in various areas since Kathmandu become the capital of the country as they rose in ranks throughout the government, royal courts and businesses. However, the Newar language has languished as the state has patronized Gorkhali as the Nepali national language.
Newar faced a decline during the Shah era when this language was replaced by Khas Kura as the national language and after the introduction of the "One nation, one language" policy of King Mahendra. The then Royal Nepalese Government spent a lot for Sanskrit education and a Sanskrit University was approved during those times—although Sanskrit is virtually not spoken by anyone in Nepal—because Khas Kura's roots lie in Sanskrit. There were very few resources available then for even primary-level education in Newar. There were no programs broadcast in Newar on the state radio, Radio Nepal. Even after programs in Newar began to be broadcast, the language was referred to as "Newari", a term considered derogatory by Newars. Even today, there are no programs in Newar in the state television, Nepal Television, although it broadcasts a Bollywood Hindi movie every Saturday and often Pakistani serials as well. The Supreme Court of Nepal has also banned any use of Newar even for trivial matters in official purposes of any part of Nepal. These factors have led to a resentment among the Newar community.
This fact has been used for political advantages by many parties of Nepal. Many slogans are translated into Newar, although very few important documents of political parties are ever translated into Newar.