New Economic Zones program
The New Economic Zones program was implemented by the Vietnamese communist government after the Fall of Saigon. Between 1975 and 1980, more than 1 million northerners migrated to the south and central regions formerly under the Republic of Vietnam. This program, in turn, displaced around 750,000 to over 1 million Southerners from their homes and forcibly relocated them to uninhabited mountainous forested areas. Conditions in the "New Economic Zones" were poor. After a 1976 visit to a new economic zone for former Saigon, French journalist Jean Lacouture wrote that it was "a prefabricated hell and a place one comes to only if the alternative to it would be death."
Since 1975, Southern Vietnamese use the term "Bắc 54" to refer to Northern Vietnamese who migrated to the South in 1954, and "Bắc 75" to refer to Northerners who migrated to the South in 1975 onward, many under this economic program.
