Nawrūz (Mongol emir)


Nawrūz was a son of governor Arghun Aqa, and was a powerful Oirat emir of the 13th century who played an important role in the politics of the Mongol Ilkhanate.

Early career

He inherited his father's administrative job in Khorasan and was listed as emirs and son-in-laws of Abaqa in medieval chroniclers' works. He supported Arghun against Teküder in 1284 and was rewarded by being atabeg of his 13 year old son Ghazan and Prince Kingshü as Ghazan's subordinate in Khorasan thanks to new kingmaker Buqa. He hold this powerful position of being autonomous de-facto ruler of Khorasan until Arghun Khan's arrest of Buqa.

Rebellion

Hearing arrival of an Ilkhanate army towards Khorasan, Nawrūz led a revolt against Arghun, possibly proclaiming Hulachu and Kingshü as new ilkhan, captured his commander Tegine Yarguchi, also banishing his former ward Ghazan to Mazandaran in 1289. He gained his second victory on Prince Ghazan near Radkan, forcing him to go back to Mazandaran. He had to face new army sent by Arghun under leadership of Nurin Aqa - emir of Iraq and Prince Baydu in Autumn of 1289. Being overwhelmed, Nawruz fell back to Jam, losing territories. Nawruz followed a scorching earth strategy in winter in order to halt advance of Ilkhan's armies, which proved effective when Baydu returned to west with half of the army in 1290. Using opportunity, Nawruz crossed Oxus and fled Ilkhanate. He joined Kaidu and managed to secure 30.000 soldiers from Ögedeid retinue. He was appointed as governor of Badakhshan by Kaidu and minted coins in his name.
Nowruz invaded Khorasan with Ögedeid armies in 1291 with Sarban and Ebugen - sons of Kaidu - reaching Mashhad. Arghun's death in 1291, granted more maneuver chance to Nowruz who laid siege to different parts of the province.He soon left Kaidu as well, this time allying himself with Kadan's grandson Ürük Temür, giving his daughter to him in marriage and sponsoring his conversion to Islam. With new Borjigid puppet-prince, Nawruz issued yarlighs, but this proved ineffective as well, since Ürük Temür rejoined Kaidu after a while. Losing his legitimacy, Nawruz sought to make peace with Ghazan and submitted in 1294.

Rise and fall under Ghazan

Nawruz pledged to raise Ghazan to throne after Gaykhatu's death on condition of his conversion to Islam. Managing to gain loyalties of emirs like Taghachar, Chupan, Irinjin and Qurumushi, Nawruz ensured Ghazan's victory over Baydu in 1295.He was subsequently named naib of the state by Ghazan after his coronation. Nawruz appointed his brothers, Lagzi Güregen to watch over financial issues and Hajji Narin to oversee divan. As a fervent adherent to Islam; the history of Bar Sawma's voyages and Mar Yaballaha III's Patriarchal tenure portrays him as a ferocious enemy of Nestorian Christians. With Islam new state religion, Nawruz ordered all Buddhist and Christian temples to be destroyed or converted to mosques.
Nawruz headed Ghazan's army against Chagatai khan Duwa's invasion of Khorasan in 1295. However, Ilkhanid prince Sogai refused to join campaign in Khorasan, believing this was Nawruz's plot further deprive nobility of their possessions. Nawruz informed Ghazan of this plot, subsequently executed him. However, Nawruz soon embroiled himself in argument with Nurin Aqa, who was more popular in military and left Khorasan. After returning to west, he survived an assassination attempt by a soldier named Tuqtay, who claimed that Nawruz murdered his own father, Arghun Aqa. Soon he was accused of treason by Sadr al-Din Khaladi, sahib-divan of Ghazan by secret alliance with Mamlukes. Indeed, according to Mamluk sources, Nawruz corresponded with Sultan Lajin.
Using opportunity Ghazan started a purge against Nawruz and his followers in May 1297. His brother Hajji Narin and his follower Satalmish were executed among Nawruz's children in Hamadan, his other brother Lagzi Güregen was also put to death in Iraq on 2 April 1297. His 12 year old son Toghai was spared due to efforts of Bulughan Khatun Khurasani, Ghazan's wife Arghun Aqa's granddaughter and given to household of Amir Husayn. Along spared, were his brother Yol Qutluq and his nephew Kuchluk.
Emir Qutluqshah was ordered to pursue Nawruz and kill him. Qutluqshah's armies defeated Nawruz near Jam and Nishapur. Following defeats, Nawrūz took refuge at the court of the malik Fakhr al-Din of Herat, in northern Afghanistan, but the latter actually betrayed him and delivered him to Qutluqshah, who had him executed immediately on August 13, 1297 with his brothers Hajji and Bulquq. Nawruz's decapitated head was mutilated and hanged on gates of Baghdad.

Family

He was a son of Arghun Aqa and a woman called Sürmish and had several wives with offsprings. Known issues: