Mulukhiyah
Mulukhiyah or mulukhiyyah is the leaves of Corchorus olitorius, commonly known as Jew's mallow, Nalta jute, or tossa jute. It is used as a vegetable. It is popular in Middle East, East African and North African countries and is called “Saluyot” in the Philippines. Mulukhiyah is rather bitter, and when boiled, the resulting liquid is a thick, highly mucilaginous broth; it is often described as "slimy", rather like cooked okra. Mulukhiyah is generally eaten cooked, not raw, and is most frequently turned into a kind of soup or stew, typically bearing the same name as the vegetable in the local language. Traditionally mulukhiyah is cooked with chicken or at least chicken stock for flavor and is served with white rice, accompanied with lemon or lime.
Origins
While most scholars are of the opinion that mulukhiya's origins lie in Ancient Egypt, there is evidence that India is the source of the related species Corchorus capsularis, which is also used for food as well as fiber.Egyptian cuisine
As used in Egyptian cuisine, molokhiya is prepared by removing the central spine from the leaves, and then chopping the leaves finely with garlic and coriander. The dish generally includes some sort of meat; in Egypt this is usually poultry such as chicken, or rabbit, but lamb is preferred when available, particularly in Cairo. Cooks in Alexandria often opt to use shrimp in the soup, while Port Said is famous for using fish.Molokhiya was consumed in ancient Egyptian cuisine, where the name "molokhiya" is thought to have originated from.
Many Egyptians consider molokhiya to be the national dish of Egypt, along with ful medames and kushari.
;Preparation
The Egyptian version differs in texture and preparation from the Syrian/Lebanese version. The molokhiya leaves are picked off the stem, with tall stemmed branches, and the leaves placed on a large sheet to be left to completely dry for later use.
;Cooking
The leaves are chopped fine, often with a mezzaluna. The leaves are then boiled in broth with large chunks of meat, such as boneless chicken, rabbit, beef or lamb. Coriander and garlic are fried separately in ghee to make the "takleya", and then added to the soup at the end while the takleya is still sizzling, to create a characteristic sound which people traditionally respond to with the shahka.
;Serving
The soup is served on white rice or with a side of Egyptian flatbread. The dish is often accompanied with an assortment of pickled vegetables, known as torshi or mekhalel in Egypt.
Levantine cuisine
The standard molokhia dish in the Levant is prepared by cooking a meat of some sort in a separate pot by boiling. Later onions and garlic are cooked to a simmer, then water and chicken stock cubes are added to form a broth. After boiling, the cooked chicken or meat and molokhia leaves are added and further cooked another 15 minutes. Also, in northern Lebanon, a dish called mloukhiye b zeit is made using fresh leaves and shoots of the Nalta jute plant, cooked in olive oil, onions, garlic, tomatoes and chilli peppers; it is a popular summer side dish, especially in Miniyeh-Danniyeh and Akkar districts.Bedouins have an old tradition of cooking a different version of the dish. A whole chicken is cut open, the intestines removed, and the innards stuffed with herbs, spices and raw rice then sewn shut with thick thread. The chicken is then boiled to create the broth for the molokhia soup which, after preparation, is served as five separate components: The molokhia soup, Arabic flat bread, the chicken, additional plain rice, and a small bowl with a mixture of lemon juice and sliced chilli. The soup is mixed with rice and lemon juice according to taste, while the chicken is eaten on a separate plate.
Kenyan cuisine
In Kenya, the dish is known as murere, murenda, apoth, and several other native language names. It is a very popular vegetable dish among communities in the Western region and in Nyanza region. Both regions are in the area around Lake Victoria. The jute leaves are separated from the stems, washed, and then boiled in lightly salted water with ligadi, or munyu. The leaves are boiled with other leafy vegetables such as likuvi or mito to reduce their sliminess and help soften the other vegetable leaves. In some cases, after boiling for about thirty minutes, the vegetables are stewed with tomatoes and onions in oil.. Spices such as curry, pepper, masala, or coriander are optional. Mutere is served with ugali and can be accompanied with meat or chicken.Tunisian cuisine
In Tunisia, the dish is generally prepared quite differently from the Egyptian method. The leaves, already separated from the stems, are dried then ground to produce a very fine powder and stored in jars or other tightly closed containers. In Tunisian cooking, mulukhya, or mloukhiya, takes 5 to 7 hours to prepare, which is often done to halfway in the evening and completed in the morning. The powder is prepared with olive oil and some tomato paste into a sauce, not soup, and big chunks of chuck beef are often added halfway through cooking. The dark green sauce simmers on low heat and is left to thicken to the consistency of tomato sauce. The sauce is served in small deep plates with a piece of beef and eaten with preferably white hearty French or Italian bread. In certain regions where beef is not common, lamb is used but cooks for a much shorter time.Cypriot cuisine
In Northern Cyprus the dish is known as molohiya. It is popular among the Turkish Cypriots. The jute leaves are cultivated and grown in the spring, whereupon they are harvested and the leaves are separated from the stem and dried whole. They are cooked in a tomato-based broth with onions and garlic. Lamb on the bone or chicken with bone may also be added. For optimal results, lemon and potato are also used to help keep the consistency from becoming too mucilaginous or slimy. It is served with a broth consistency with sourdough bread.West African cuisines
The leaf is a common food in many tropical West African countries. It is believed that the "drip tips" on the leaves serve to shed excess water from the leaf from the heavy rains in the tropics.In Sierra Leone it is called kren-kre, and is eaten in a palm oil sauce served with rice or cassava fufu, or else is steamed and mixed into rice just before eating a non-palm oil sauce.
Among the Yorubas in south-west Nigeria, it is called ewedu and served with cooked yam flour.
In Liberia it is called palaver sauce, and is served with rice or fufu. In The Gambia it is referred to as kereng-kereng and is typically used to make supakanja.
Haitian cuisines
In Haiti, the leafy green dish is commonly known as lalo and is traditionally cooked with or without meat. When considering meat, Haitians utilize beef or pork shoulder. Seafood such as blue crabs, shrimp or snow crab legs are also options. It is traditionally served with white rice.Nutrition
The leaves are rich in folate, beta-carotene, iron, calcium, vitamin C and more than 32 vitamins, minerals and trace elements. The plant has a potent antioxidant activity with a significant α-tocopherol equivalent vitamin E.Ancient references
The word for the plant is found in ancient Mediterranean languages such as Arabic and Greek. Cognates of the word include Ancient Greek μαλάχη or μολόχη, Modern Greek μολόχα, modern ملوخية and modern מלוחיה.Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah banned mulukhiyah sometime during his reign. It is claimed he thought that the dish would lead women to debauchery. While the ban was eventually lifted after the end of his reign, the Druze, who hold Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah in high regard, continue to respect the ban, and do not eat mulukhiyah of any kind to this day.